Leucht S, Corves C, Arbter D, Engel RR, Li C, Davis JM. Second-generation versus first-generation antipsychotic drugs for schizophrenia: a meta-analysis. Lancet. 2009;373(9657):31–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(08)61764-x.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lewis SW, Barnes TR, Davies L, Murray RM, Dunn G, Hayhurst KP, et al. Randomized controlled trial of effect of prescription of clozapine versus other second-generation antipsychotic drugs in resistant schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 2006;32(4):715–23. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbj067.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

McEvoy JP, Lieberman JA, Stroup TS, Davis SM, Meltzer HY, Rosenheck RA, et al. Effectiveness of clozapine versus olanzapine, quetiapine, and risperidone in patients with chronic schizophrenia who did not respond to prior atypical antipsychotic treatment. Am J Psychiatry. 2006;163(4):600–10. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.163.4.600.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Correll CU, Howes OD. Treatment-resistant schizophrenia: definition, predictors, and therapy options. J Clin Psychiatry. 2021. https://doi.org/10.4088/jcp.My20096ah1c.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Qubad M, Bittner RA. Second to none: rationale, timing, and clinical management of clozapine use in schizophrenia. Ther Adv Psychopharmacol. 2023;13:20451253231158150. https://doi.org/10.1177/20451253231158152.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bachmann CJ, Aagaard L, Bernardo M, Brandt L, Cartabia M, Clavenna A, et al. International trends in clozapine use: a study in 17 countries. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2017;136(1):37–51. https://doi.org/10.1111/acps.12742.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bittner RA, Reif A, Qubad M. The ever-growing case for clozapine in the treatment of schizophrenia: an obligation for psychiatrists and psychiatry. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2023;36(4):327–36. https://doi.org/10.1097/yco.0000000000000871.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kanniah G, Kumar S. Clozapine associated cardiotoxicity: issues, challenges and way forward. Asian J Psychiatr. 2020;50: 101950. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.101950.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Siskind D, Honer WG, Clark S, Correll CU, Hasan A, Howes O, et al. Consensus statement on the use of clozapine during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Psychiatry Neurosci. 2020;45(3):222. https://doi.org/10.1503/jpn.200061.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Segev A, Iqbal E, McDonagh TA, Casetta C, Oloyede E, Piper S, et al. Clozapine-induced myocarditis: electronic health register analysis of incidence, timing, clinical markers and diagnostic accuracy. Br J Psychiatry. 2021;219(6):644–51. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.2021.58.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Siskind D, Sidhu A, Cross J, Chua YT, Myles N, Cohen D, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of rates of clozapine-associated myocarditis and cardiomyopathy. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2020;54(5):467–81. https://doi.org/10.1177/0004867419898760.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Merrill DB, Dec GW, Goff DC. Adverse cardiac effects associated with clozapine. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2005;25(1):32.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ronaldson KJ, Fitzgerald PB, McNeil JJ. Clozapine-induced myocarditis, a widely overlooked adverse reaction. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2015;132(4):231–40. https://doi.org/10.1111/acps.12416.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

De Las CC, Sanz EJ, Rohde C, de Leon J. Association between myocarditis and antipsychotics other than clozapine: a systematic literature review and a pharmacovigilance study using VigiBase. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol. 2022;15(1):65–78. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512433.2022.2032659.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Correll CU, Agid O, Crespo-Facorro B, de Bartolomeis A, Fagiolini A, Seppälä N, et al. A guideline and checklist for initiating and managing clozapine treatment in patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia. CNS Drugs. 2022;36(7):659–79. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40263-022-00932-2.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bleakley S, Taylor D. Clozapine handbook. Lloyd-Reinhold Communications; 2013.

Tan MSA, Honarparvar F, Falconer JR, Parekh HS, Pandey P, Siskind DJ. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between clozapine and norclozapine serum levels and peripheral adverse drug reactions. Psychopharmacology. 2021;238(3):615–37. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-020-05746-y.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

De Las CC, Sanz EJ, Ruan CJ, de Leon J. Clozapine-associated myocarditis in the World Health Organization’s pharmacovigilance database: focus on reports from various countries. Rev Psiquiatr Salud Ment (Engl Ed). 2022;15(4):238–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rpsmen.2021.07.005.

Article  Google Scholar 

Lang UE, Willbring M, von Golitschek R, Schmeisser A, Matschke K, Tugtekin SM. Clozapine-induced myocarditis after long-term treatment: case presentation and clinical perspectives. J Psychopharmacol. 2008;22(5):576–80. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881107082136.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tan LH, Suetani S, Clark S, Wilson D. Late onset myocarditis with clozapine use. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2015;49(3):295. https://doi.org/10.1177/0004867414557162.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Benkert O, Hippius H. Kompendium der Psychiatrischen Pharmakotherapie. 2021.

Ronaldson KJ, Fitzgerald PB, Taylor AJ, Topliss DJ, McNeil JJ. Clinical course and analysis of ten fatal cases of clozapine-induced myocarditis and comparison with 66 surviving cases. Schizophr Res. 2011;128(1):161–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2011.01.017.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Smith LT, Symons E, Hare JL, Hooper M, Fitzgerald PB. Asymptomatic myocarditis during clozapine re-titration, in a patient who had previously been stable on clozapine for 10 years. Australas Psychiatry. 2014;22(6):539–42. https://doi.org/10.1177/1039856214553314.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

van der Horst MZ, van Houwelingen F, Luykx JJ. Isolated nausea and vomiting as the cardinal presenting symptoms of clozapine-induced myocarditis: a case report. BMC Psychiatry. 2020;20(1):568. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-020-02955-9.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Vickers M, Ramineni V, Malacova E, Eriksson L, McMahon K, Moudgil V, et al. Risk factors for clozapine-induced myocarditis and cardiomyopathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2022;145(5):442–55. https://doi.org/10.1111/acps.13398.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bellissima BL, Tingle MD, Cicović A, Alawami M, Kenedi C. A systematic review of clozapine-induced myocarditis. Int J Cardiol. 2018;259:122–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2017.12.102.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Richardson N, Greenway SC, Bousman CA. Clozapine-induced myocarditis and patient outcomes after drug rechallenge following myocarditis: a systematic case review. Psychiatry Res. 2021;305: 114247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2021.114247.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Degner D, Bleich S, Grohmann R, Bandelow B, Rüther E. Myocarditis associated with clozapine treatment. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2000;34(5):880. https://doi.org/10.1080/j.1440-1614.2000.0822n.x.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

De las Cuevas C, Sanz EJ, Gross JA, Correll CU, Verdoux H, Lally J, et al. Revealing the reporting disparity: VigiBase highlights underreporting of clozapine in other Western European countries compared to the UK. Schizophrenia Res. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2023.11.010.

Article  Google Scholar 

Carswell O, Wilton LR, Nicholls K, Thomas V, Clark SR. A 12-month audit of clozapine associated myocarditis in a South Australian Local Health Network: the importance of screening and personalised titration. Schizophr Res. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2023.09.019.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

de Leon J. Reflections on the lack of consideration of ethnic ancestry to stratify clozapine dosing. Psychiatry Investig. 2023;20(3):183–95. https://doi.org/10.30773/pi.2022.0293.