Tierney G. Concussion biomechanics, head acceleration exposure and brain injury criteria in sport: a review. Sports Biomech. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1080/14763141.2021.2016929.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tucker R, Raftery M, Fuller GW, Hester B, Kemp S, Cross MJ. A video analysis of head injuries satisfying the criteria for a head injury assessment in professional Rugby Union: a prospective cohort study. Br J Sports Med. 2017;51:1147–51.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fuller CW, Taylor A, Douglas M, Raftery M. Rugby World Cup 2019 injury surveillance study. S Afr J Sports Med 2020;32(1):v32i1a8062

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kuo C, Patton D, Rooks T, Tierney G, McIntosh A, Lynall R, et al. On-field deployment and validation for wearable devices. Ann Biomed Eng. 2022;50:1372–88.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hume PA, Theadom A, Lewis GN, Quarrie KL, Brown SR, Hill R, et al. A comparison of cognitive function in former rugby union players compared with former non-contact-sport players and the impact of concussion history. Sports Med. 2017;47:1209–20.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gardner A, Shores EA, Batchelor J. Reduced processing speed in rugby union players reporting three or more previous concussions. Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2010;25:174–81.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Daneshvar DH, Nair ES, Baucom ZH, Rasch A, Abdolmohammadi B, Uretsky M, et al. Leveraging football accelerometer data to quantify associations between repetitive head impacts and chronic traumatic encephalopathy in males. Nat Commun 2023;14:1–14.

Article  Google Scholar 

Tucker R, Raftery M, Kemp S, Brown J, Fuller G, Hester B, et al. Risk factors for head injury events in professional rugby union: a video analysis of 464 head injury events to inform proposed injury prevention strategies. Br J Sports Med. 2017;51:1152–7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cross MJ, Tucker R, Raftery M, Hester B, Williams S, Stokes KA, et al. Tackling concussion in professional rugby union: a case–control study of tackle-based risk factors and recommendations for primary prevention. Br J Sports Med. 2019;53:1021–5.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tierney GJ, Lawler J, Denvir K, McQuilkin K, Simms CK. Risks associated with significant head impact events in elite rugby union. Brain Inj. 2016;30:1350–61.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Starling LT, Gabb N, Williams S, Kemp S, Stokes KA. Longitudinal study of six seasons of match injuries in elite female rugby union. Br J Sports Med. 2023;57:212–7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

West SW, Shill IJ, Sutter B, George J, Ainsworth N, Wiley JP, et al. Caught on camera: a video assessment of suspected concussion and other injury events in women’s rugby union. J Sci Med Sport. 2022;25:805–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Stokes KA, Locke D, Roberts S, Henderson L, Tucker R, Ryan D, et al. Does reducing the height of the tackle through law change in elite men’s rugby union (The Championship, England) reduce the incidence of concussion? A controlled study in 126 games. Br J Sports Med. 2021;55:220–5.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tierney GJ, Denvir K, Farrell G, Simms CK. The effect of tackler technique on head injury assessment risk in elite rugby union. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2018;50:603–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Starling LT, Tucker R, Quarrie K, Schmidt J, Hassanein O, Smith C, et al. The World Rugby and International Rugby players contact load guidelines: from conception to implementation and the future. S Afr J Sports Med [Internet]. 2023 [cited 2024 May 12];35. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC10798596/.

Quarrie KL, Raftery M, Blackie J, Cook CJ, Fuller CW, Gabbett TJ, et al. Managing player load in professional rugby union: a review of current knowledge and practices. Br J Sports Med. 2017;51:421–7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Williams S, Trewartha G, Kemp SPT, Brooks JHM, Fuller CW, Taylor AE, et al. How much rugby is too much? A seven-season prospective cohort study of match exposure and injury risk in professional Rugby Union players. Sports Med. 2017;47:2395–402.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Williams S, Kay E, Bryan R, Lambert M, Cross M, West SW, et al. The influence of match exposure on injury risk in elite men’s rugby union. J Sci Med Sport. 2023;26:25–30.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

McIntosh AS, Patton DA, Fréchède B, Pierré P-A, Ferry E, Barthels T. The biomechanics of concussion in unhelmeted football players in Australia: a case–control study. BMJ Open. 2014;4: e005078.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Pellman EJ, Viano DC, Tucker AM, Casson IR. Concussion in professional football: location and direction of helmet impacts—Part 2. Neurosurgery. 2003;53:1328–41.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Stemper BD, Shah AS, Harezlak J, Rowson S, Mihalik JP, Duma SM, et al. Comparison of head impact exposure between concussed football athletes and matched controls: evidence for a possible second mechanism of sport-related concussion. Ann Biomed Eng. 2019;47:2057–72.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Broglio SP, Lapointe A, O’Connor KL, McCrea M. Head impact density: a model to explain the elusive concussion threshold. J Neurotrauma. 2017;34:2675–83.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wu LC, Nangia V, Bui K, Hammoor B, Kurt M, Hernandez F, et al. In vivo evaluation of wearable head impact sensors. Ann Biomed Eng. 2016;44:1234–45.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kieffer EE, Vaillancourt C, Brolinson PG, Rowson S. Using in-mouth sensors to measure head kinematics in rugby. IRCOBI conference. 2020. p. 846–58.

Tooby J, Weaving D, Al-Dawoud M, Tierney G. Quantification of head acceleration events in rugby league: an instrumented mouthguard and video analysis pilot study. Sensors. 2022;22:584.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tierney GJ, Kuo C, Wu L, Weaving D, Camarillo D. Analysis of head acceleration events in collegiate-level American football: a combination of qualitative video analysis and in-vivo head kinematic measurement. J Biomech. 2020;110: 109969.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tooby J, Woodward J, Tucker R, Jones B, Falvey É, Salmon D, et al. Instrumented mouthguards in elite-level men’s and women’s Rugby Union: the incidence and propensity of head acceleration events in matches. Sports Med. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-023-01953-7.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tierney G, Weaving D, Tooby J, Al-Dawoud M, Hendricks S, Phillips G, et al. Quantifying head acceleration exposure via instrumented mouthguards (iMG): a validity and feasibility study protocol to inform iMG suitability for the TaCKLE project. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med. 2021;7: e001125.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kieffer EE, Begonia MT, Tyson AM, Rowson S. A two-phased approach to quantifying head impact sensor accuracy: in-laboratory and on-field assessments. Ann Biomed Eng. 2020;48:2613–25.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Liu Y, Domel AG, Yousefsani SA, Kondic J, Grant G, Zeineh M, et al. Validation and comparison of instrumented mouthguards for measuring head kinematics and assessing brain deformation in football impacts. Ann Biomed Eng. 2020;48:2580–98.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Jones B, Tooby J, Weaving D, Till K, Owen C, Begonia M, et al. Ready for impact? A validity and feasibility study of instrumented mouthguards (iMGs). Br J Sports Med. 2022;56:1171–9.

Article  Google Scholar 

Williams EMP, Petrie FJ, Pennington TN, Powell DRL, Arora H, Mackintosh KA, et al. Sex differences in neck strength and head impact kinematics in university rugby union players. Eur J Sport Sci. 2022;22:1649–58. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2021.1973573.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hendricks S, Till K, Den HS, Savage TN, Roberts SP, Tierney G, et al. Consensus on a video analysis framework of descriptors and definitions by the Rugby Union Video Analysis Consensus group. Br J Sports Med. 2020;54:566–72.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bradley EJ, Board L, Hogg B, Archer DT. Quantification of movement characteristics in women’s English Premier Elite Domestic Rugby Union. J Hum Kinet. 2020;72:185–94.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central