United Nations Office on Drug and Crime (UNODC). World Drug Report 2022. UN; 2022.

Simon SL, Domier C, Carnell J, Brethen P, Rawson R, Ling W. Cognitive impairment in individuals currently using methamphetamine. Am J Addict. 2000;9:222–31.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Potvin S, Pelletier J, Grot S, Hébert C, Barr AM, Lecomte T. Cognitive deficits in individuals with methamphetamine use disorder: a meta-analysis. Addict Behav. 2018;80:154–60.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mewaldt SP, Ghoneim MM. The effects and interactions of scopolamine, physostigmine and methamphetamine on human memory. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1979;10:205–10.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ballard ME, Jessica W, Gallo DA, Harriet DW, Eugenin EA. Effects of acute methamphetamine on emotional memory formation in humans: encoding vs consolidation. PLoS One. 2015;10:e0117062.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kamei H, Nagai T, Nakano H, Togan Y, Takayanagi M, Takahashi K, et al. Repeated methamphetamine treatment impairs recognition memory through a failure of novelty-induced ERK1/2 activation in the prefrontal cortex of mice. Biol Psychiatry. 2006;59:75–84.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hada K, Wulaer B, Nagai T, Itoh N, Sawahata M, Sobue A, et al. Mice carrying a schizophrenia-associated mutation of the Arhgap10 gene are vulnerable to the effects of methamphetamine treatment on cognitive function: association with morphological abnormalities in striatal neurons. Mol Brain. 2021;14:21.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Iino Y, Sawada T, Yamaguchi K, Tajiri M, Ishii S, Kasai H, et al. Dopamine D2 receptors in discrimination learning and spine enlargement. Nature. 2020;579:555–60.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cao G, Zhu J, Zhong Q, Shi C, Dang Y, Han W, et al. Distinct roles of methamphetamine in modulating spatial memory consolidation, retrieval, reconsolidation and the accompanying changes of ERK and CREB activation in hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. Neuropharmacology. 2013;67:144–54.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Asok A, Leroy F, Rayman JB, Kandel ER. Molecular mechanisms of the memory trace. Trends Neurosci. 2019;42:14–22.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Luo LQ. Principles of neurobiology. New York: Garland Science; 2020.

Book  Google Scholar 

Tanimizu T, Kono K, Kida S. Brain networks activated to form object recognition memory. Brain Res Bull. 2018;141:27–34.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Barbosa FF, Santos JR, Meurer YS, Macêdo PT, Ferreira LM, Pontes IM, et al. Differential cortical c-Fos and Zif-268 expression after object and spatial memory processing in a standard or episodic-like object recognition task. Front Behav Neurosci. 2013;7:112.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wang C, Furlong TM, Stratton PG, Lee CCY, Xu L, Merlin S, et al. Hippocampus-prefrontal coupling regulates recognition memory for novelty discrimination. J Neurosci. 2021;41:9617–32.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Paretkar T, Dimitrov E. The central amygdala corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) neurons modulation of anxiety-like behavior and hippocampus-dependent memory in mice. Neuroscience. 2018;390:187–97.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wise RA, Robble MA. Dopamine and addiction. Annu Rev Psychol. 2020;71:79–106.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sulzer D, Chen TK, Lau YY, Kristensen H, Rayport S, Ewing A. Amphetamine redistributes dopamine from synaptic vesicles to the cytosol and promotes reverse transport. J Neurosci. 1995;15:4102–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Nagai T, Takuma K, Kamei H, Ito Y, Nakamichi N, Ibi D, et al. Dopamine D1 receptors regulate protein synthesis-dependent long-term recognition memory via extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 in the prefrontal cortex. Learn Mem. 2007;14:117–25.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Clausen B, Schachtman TR, Mark LT, Reinholdt M, Christoffersen GR. Impairments of exploration and memory after systemic or prelimbic D1-receptor antagonism in rats. Behav Brain Res. 2011;223:241–54.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Watson DJ, Loiseau F, Ingallinesi M, Millan MJ, Marsden CA, Fone KC. Selective blockade of dopamine D3 receptors enhances while D2 receptor antagonism impairs social novelty discrimination and novel object recognition in rats: a key role for the prefrontal cortex. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2012;37:770–86.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Featherstone RE, Kapur S, Fletcher PJ. The amphetamine-induced sensitized state as a model of schizophrenia. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2007;31:1556–71.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kellendonk C, Simpson EH, Polan HJ, Malleret G, Vronskaya S, Winiger V, et al. Transient and selective overexpression of dopamine D2 receptors in the striatum causes persistent abnormalities in prefrontal cortex functioning. Neuron. 2006;49:603–15.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhang W, Linden DJ. The other side of the engram: experience-driven changes in neuronal intrinsic excitability. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2003;4:885–900.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pignatelli M, Ryan TJ, Roy DS, Lovett C, Smith LM, Muralidhar S, et al. Engram cell excitability state determines the efficacy of memory retrieval. Neuron. 2019;101:274–84.e5.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lisman J, Cooper K, Sehgal M, Silva AJ. Memory formation depends on both synapse-specific modifications of synaptic strength and cell-specific increases in excitability. Nat Neurosci. 2018;21:309–14.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gao WJ, Krimer LS, Goldman-Rakic PS. Presynaptic regulation of recurrent excitation by D1 receptors in prefrontal circuits. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2001;98:295–300.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Seamans JK, Durstewitz D, Christie BR, Stevens CF, Sejnowski TJ. Dopamine D1/D5 receptor modulation of excitatory synaptic inputs to layer V prefrontal cortex neurons. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2001;98:301–6.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dallérac G, Li X, Lecouflet P, Morisot N, Sacchi S, Asselot R, et al. Dopaminergic neuromodulation of prefrontal cortex activity requires the NMDA receptor coagonist d-serine. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2021;118:e2023750118.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

González B, Rivero-Echeto C, Muñiz JA, Cadet JL, García-Rill E, Urbano FJ, et al. Methamphetamine blunts Ca2+ currents and excitatory synaptic transmission through D1/5 receptor-mediated mechanisms in the mouse medial prefrontal cortex. Addict Biol. 2016;21:589–602.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

González B, Jayanthi S, Gomez N, Torres OV, Sosa MH, Bernardi A, et al. Repeated methamphetamine and modafinil induce differential cognitive effects and specific histone acetylation and DNA methylation profiles in the mouse medial prefrontal cortex. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2018;82:1–11.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhu XN, Li J, Qiu GL, Wang L, Lu C, Guo YG, et al. Propofol exerts anti-anhedonia effects via inhibiting the dopamine transporter. Neuron. 2023;111:1626–36.e6

Article  CAS  PubMed