Eslam M, Newsome PN, Sarin SK, Anstee QM, Targher G, Romero-Gomez M, et al. A new definition for metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease: an international expert consensus statement. J Hepatol. 2020;73:202–209

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chan KE, Koh TJL, Tang ASP, Quek J, Yong JN, Tay P, et al. Global prevalence and clinical characteristics of metabolic-associated fatty liver disease: a meta-analysis and systematic review of 10 739 607 individuals. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2022;107:2691–2700

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dulai PS, Singh S, Patel J, Soni M, Prokop LJ, Younossi Z, et al. Increased risk of mortality by fibrosis stage in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. Hepatology. 2017;65:1557–1565

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Estes C, Chan HL, Chien RN, Chuang WL, Fung J, Goh GBB, et al. Modelling NAFLD disease burden in four Asian regions—2019–2030. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2020;51:801–811

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bedogni G, Bellentani S, Miglioli L, Masutti F, Passalacqua M, Castiglione A, et al. The Fatty Liver Index: a simple and accurate predictor of hepatic steatosis in the general population. BMC Gastroenterol. 2006;6:33

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lee JH, Kim D, Kim HJ, Lee CH, Yang JI, Kim W, et al. Hepatic steatosis index: a simple screening tool reflecting nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Dig Liver Dis. 2010;42:503–508

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kotronen A, Peltonen M, Hakkarainen A, Sevastianova K, Bergholm R, Johansson LM, et al. Prediction of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and liver fat using metabolic and genetic factors. Gastroenterology. 2009;137:865–872

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Adams LA, Schulte PJ, Allen AM. Use of noninvasive scores to predict hepatic steatosis: flaws and caveats. Hepatology. 2023;78:1029–1031

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hernaez R, Lazo M, Bonekamp S, Kamel I, Brancati FL, Guallar E, et al. Diagnostic accuracy and reliability of ultrasonography for the detection of fatty liver: a meta-analysis. Hepatology. 2011;54:1082–1090

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jang JK, Choi SH, Lee JS, Kim SY, Lee SS, Kim KW. Accuracy of the ultrasound attenuation coefficient for the evaluation of hepatic steatosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Ultrasonography. 2022;41:83–92

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Petroff D, Blank V, Newsome PN, Shalimar VCS, Thiele M, de Ledinghen V, et al. Assessment of hepatic steatosis by controlled attenuation parameter using the M and XL probes: an individual patient data meta-analysis. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021;6:185–198

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Harry S, Lai LL, Nik Mustapha NR, Abdul Aziz YF, Vijayananthan A, Rahmat K, et al. volumetric liver fat fraction determines grade of steatosis more accurately than controlled attenuation parameter in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020;18(945–953): e942

Google Scholar 

Garteiser P, Castera L, Coupaye M, Doblas S, Calabrese D, Dioguardi Burgio M, et al. Prospective comparison of transient elastography, MRI and serum scores for grading steatosis and detecting non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in bariatric surgery candidates. JHEP Rep. 2021;3: 100381

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Qadri S, Vartianen E, Lahelma M, Porthan K, Tang A, Idilman I, et al. Marked difference in liver fat measured by histology vs. magnetic resonance proton density fat fraction: a meta-analysis. JHEP Rep. 2023;6:100928

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Middleton MS, Heba ER, Hooker CA, Bashir MR, Fowler KJ, Sandrasegaran K, et al. Agreement between magnetic resonance imaging proton density fat fraction measurements and pathologist-assigned steatosis grades of liver biopsies from adults with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Gastroenterology. 2017;153:753–761

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tamaki N, Munaganuru N, Jung J, Yonan AQ, Loomba RR, Bettencourt R, et al. Clinical utility of 30% relative decline in MRI-PDFF in predicting fibrosis regression in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Gut. 2022;71:983–990

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Stine JG, Munaganuru N, Barnard A, Wang JL, Kaulback K, Argo CK, et al. Change in MRI-PDFF and histologic response in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021;19(2274–2283): e2275

Google Scholar 

Wang JH, Ou HY, Yen YH, Hung CH, Lu SN. Usefulness of controlled attenuation parameter in monitoring clinically relevant decline of hepatic steatosis for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Liver Int. 2023;43:1901–1908

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Taylor RS, Taylor RJ, Bayliss S, Hagstrom H, Nasr P, Schattenberg JM, et al. Association between fibrosis stage and outcomes of patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Gastroenterology. 2020;158(1611–1625): e1612

Google Scholar 

Kanwal F, Shubrook JH, Adams LA, Pfotenhauer K, Wai-Sun Wong V, Wright E, et al. Clinical care pathway for the risk stratification and management of patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Gastroenterology. 2021;161:1657–1669

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wong VWS, Zelber-Sagi S, Cusi K, Carrieri P, Wright E, Crespo J, et al. Management of NAFLD in primary care settings. Liver Int. 2022;42:2377–2389

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mozes FE, Lee JA, Selvaraj EA, Jayaswal ANA, Trauner M, Boursier J, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of non-invasive tests for advanced fibrosis in patients with NAFLD: an individual patient data meta-analysis. Gut. 2022;71:1006–1019

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wong VW, Tak WY, Goh GBB, Cheng PN, Lawitz EJ, Younossi ZM, et al. Performance of noninvasive tests of fibrosis among asians, hispanic, and non-hispanic whites in the STELLAR trials. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2023;21(90–102): e106

Google Scholar 

Sanyal AJ, Castera L, Wong VW. Noninvasive assessment of liver fibrosis in NAFLD. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2023;21:2026–2039

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chan WK, Treeprasertsuk S, Goh GB, Fan JG, Song MJ, Charatcharoenwitthaya P, et al. Optimizing Use of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease fibrosis score, fibrosis-4 score, and liver stiffness measurement to identify patients with advanced fibrosis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019;17(2570–2580): e2537

Google Scholar 

Wong VW, Irles M, Wong GL, Shili S, Chan AW, Merrouche W, et al. Unified interpretation of liver stiffness measurement by M and XL probes in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Gut. 2019;68:2057–2064

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wong VW, Adams LA, de Ledinghen V, Wong GL, Sookoian S. Noninvasive biomarkers in NAFLD and NASH - current progress and future promise. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018;15:461–478

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kwok R, Choi KC, Wong GL, Zhang Y, Chan HL, Luk AO, et al. Screening diabetic patients for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease with controlled attenuation parameter and liver stiffness measurements: a prospective cohort study. Gut. 2016;65:1359–1368

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lai LL, Wan Yusoff WNI, Vethakkan SR, Nik Mustapha NR, Mahadeva S, Chan WK. Screening for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus using transient elastography. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019;34:1396–1403

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhang X, Yip TC, Wong GL, Leow WX, Liang LY, Lim LL, et al. Clinical care pathway to detect advanced liver disease in patients with type 2 diabetes through automated fibrosis score calculation and electronic reminder messages: a randomised controlled trial. Gut. 2023;72:2364–2371

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cheung JTK, Zhang X, Wong GL, Yip TC, Lin H, Li G, et al. MAFLD fibrosis score: Using routine measures to identify advanced fibrosis in metabolic-associated fatty liver disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2023;58:1194–1204

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sanyal AJ, Shankar SS, Yates KP, Bolognese J, Daly E, Dehn CA, et al. Diagnostic performance of circulating biomarkers for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Nat Med. 2023;29:2656–2664

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central