Townsend N, Kazakiewicz D, Lucy Wright F, Timmis A, Huculeci R, Torbica A, Gale CP, Achenbach S, Weidinger F, Vardas P (2022) Epidemiology of cardiovascular disease in Europe. Nat Rev Cardiol 19:133–143. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41569-021-00607-3

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Martin SS, Aday AW, Almarzooq ZI, Anderson CAM, Arora P, Avery CL, Baker-Smith CM, Barone Gibbs B, Beaton AZ, Boehme AK et al (2024) 2024 heart disease and stroke statistics: a report of US and global data from the American Heart Association. Circulation 149(8):e347–e913. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000001209. Erratum in: Circulation 149(19):e1164. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000001247

Cannon CP, Blazing MA, Giugliano RP, McCagg A, White JA, Theroux P, Darius H, Lewis BS, Ophuis TO, Jukema JW et al (2015) Ezetimibe added to statin therapy after acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med 372:2387–2397. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1410489

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sabatine MS, Giugliano RP, Keech AC, Honarpour N, Wiviott SD, Murphy SA, Kuder JF, Wang H, Liu T, Wasserman SM et al (2017) Evolocumab and clinical outcomes in patients with cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med 376:1713–1722. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1615664

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Schwartz GG, Steg PG, Szarek M, Bhatt DL, Bittner VA, Diaz R, Edelberg JM, Goodman SG, Hanotin C, Harrington RA et al (2018) Alirocumab and cardiovascular outcomes after acute coronary syndrome. N Engl J Med 379:2097–2107. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1801174

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gutierrez JA, Aday AW, Patel MR, Jones WS (2019) Polyvascular disease: reappraisal of the current clinical landscape. Circ Cardiovasc Interv 12:e007385. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.119.007385

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Emerging Risk Factors C, Kaptoge S, Di Angelantonio E, Lowe G, Pepys MB, Thompson SG, Collins R, Danesh J (2010) C-reactive protein concentration and risk of coronary heart disease, stroke, and mortality: an individual participant meta-analysis. Lancet 375:132–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61717-7

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Emerging Risk Factors C, Kaptoge S, Di Angelantonio E, Pennells L, Wood AM, White IR, Gao P, Walker M, Thompson A, Sarwar N et al (2012) C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, and cardiovascular disease prediction. N Engl J Med 367:1310–1320. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1107477

Article  Google Scholar 

Ridker PM, Everett BM, Thuren T, MacFadyen JG, Chang WH, Ballantyne C, Fonseca F, Nicolau J, Koenig W, Anker SD et al (2017) Antiinflammatory therapy with canakinumab for atherosclerotic disease. N Engl J Med 377:1119–1131. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1707914

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tardif JC, Kouz S, Waters DD, Bertrand OF, Diaz R, Maggioni AP, Pinto FJ, Ibrahim R, Gamra H, Kiwan GS et al (2019) Efficacy and safety of low-dose colchicine after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 381:2497–2505. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1912388

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nidorf SM, Fiolet ATL, Mosterd A, Eikelboom JW, Schut A, Opstal TSJ, The SHK, Xu XF, Ireland MA, Lenderink T et al (2020) Colchicine in patients with chronic coronary disease. N Engl J Med 383:1838–1847. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2021372

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ridker PM (2023) Targeting residual inflammatory risk: the next frontier for atherosclerosis treatment and prevention. Vascul Pharmacol 153:107238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vph.2023.107238

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Spirito A, Cao D, Sartori S, Sharma A, Smith KF, Vogel B, Kamaleldin K, Koshy AN, Feng Y, Power D et al (2024) Predictive value of the thrombotic risk criteria proposed in the 2023 ESC guidelines for the management of ACS: insights from a large PCI registry. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Pharmacother 10:11–19. https://doi.org/10.1093/ehjcvp/pvad069

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pearson TA, Mensah GA, Alexander RW, Anderson JL, Cannon RO 3rd, Criqui M, Fadl YY, Fortmann SP, Hong Y, Myers GL et al (2003) Markers of inflammation and cardiovascular disease: application to clinical and public health practice: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American Heart Association. Circulation 107:499–511. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.0000052939.59093.45

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Thygesen K, Alpert JS, Jaffe AS, Simoons ML, Chaitman BR, White HD, Joint ESCAAHAWHFTFfUDoMI, Authors/Task Force Members C, Thygesen K, Alpert JS, et al (2012) Third universal definition of myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 60(16):1581–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2012.08.001

Bhatt DL, Peterson ED, Harrington RA, Ou FS, Cannon CP, Gibson CM, Kleiman NS, Brindis RG, Peacock WF, Brener SJ et al (2009) Prior polyvascular disease: risk factor for adverse ischaemic outcomes in acute coronary syndromes. Eur Heart J 30:1195–1202. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehp099

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

van der Meer MG, Cramer MJ, van der Graaf Y, Appelman Y, Doevendans PA, Nathoe HM, Group SS (2014) The impact of polyvascular disease on long-term outcome in percutaneous coronary intervention patients. Eur J Clin Invest. 44:231-239. https://doi.org/10.1111/eci.12222

Kobo O, Saada M, von Birgelen C, Tonino PAL, Iniguez-Romo A, Frobert O, Halabi M, Oemrawsingh RM, Polad J, AJJ IJ, et al (2023) Impact of multisite artery disease on clinical outcomes after percutaneous coronary intervention: an analysis from the e-Ultimaster registry. Eur Heart J Qual Care Clin Outcomes 9:417–426. https://doi.org/10.1093/ehjqcco/qcac043

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Subherwal S, Bhatt DL, Li S, Wang TY, Thomas L, Alexander KP, Patel MR, Ohman EM, Gibler WB, Peterson ED, Roe MT (2012) Polyvascular disease and long-term cardiovascular outcomes in older patients with non-ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 5:541–549. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.111.964379

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Piccirillo F, Miano N, Goffredo C, Nusca A, Mangiacapra F, Khazrai YM, De Gara L, Ussia GP, Grigioni F (2022) Impact of Mediterranean diet on metabolic and inflammatory status of patients with polyvascular atherosclerotic disease. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 32:117–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2021.09.032

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Vlajinac HD, Marinkovic JM, Maksimovic MZ, Radak DJ, Arsic RB, Jorga JB (2019) The prevalence of polyvascular disease in patients with carotid artery disease and peripheral artery disease. Kardiol Pol 77:926–934. https://doi.org/10.33963/KP.14945

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Vidakovic R, Schouten O, Kuiper R, Hoeks SE, Flu WJ, van Kuijk JP, Goei D, Verhagen HJ, Neskovic AN, Poldermans D (2009) The prevalence of polyvascular disease in patients referred for peripheral arterial disease. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 38:435–440. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejvs.2009.05.006

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bay B, Blaum C, Kellner C, Bei der Kellen R, Ojeda F, Waibel J, Arnold N, Behrendt CA, Rimmele DL, Thomalla G et al (2023) Inflammatory burden, lifestyle and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: insights from a population based cohort study. Sci Rep 13:21761. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-48602-7

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Held C, White HD, Stewart RAH, Budaj A, Cannon CP, Hochman JS, Koenig W, Siegbahn A, Steg PG, Soffer J et al (2017) Inflammatory biomarkers Interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein and outcomes in stable coronary heart disease: experiences from the STABILITY (Stabilization of Atherosclerotic Plaque by Initiation of Darapladib Therapy) Trial. J Am Heart Assoc 6:10. https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.116.005077

Article  Google Scholar 

Bashar H, Matetic A, Curzen N, Mamas MA (2022) Impact of extracardiac vascular disease on outcomes of 1.4 million patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 100:737–746. https://doi.org/10.1002/ccd.30404

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kobo O, Contractor T, Mohamed MO, Parwani P, Paul TK, Ghosh RK, Alraes MC, Patel B, Osman M, Ludwig J et al (2021) Impact of pre-existent vascular and poly-vascular disease on acute myocardial infarction management and outcomes: an analysis of 2 million patients from the National Inpatient Sample. Int J Cardiol 327:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2020.11.051

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fagundes A Jr, Morrow DA, Oyama K, Furtado RHM, Zelniker TA, Tang M, Kuder JF, Murphy SA, Hamer A, Keech AC et al (2022) Biomarker prediction of complex coronary revascularization procedures in the FOURIER trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 80:887–897. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2022.05.051

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yuan D, Wang P, Jia S, Zhang C, Zhu P, Jiang L, Liu R, Xu J, Tang X, Song Y et al (2022) Lipoprotein(a), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, and cardiovascular risk in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. Atherosclerosis 363:109–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2022.10.013

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Oemrawsingh RM, Cheng JM, Akkerhuis KM, Kardys I, Degertekin M, van Geuns RJ, Daemen J, Boersma E, Serruys PW, van Domburg RT (2016) High-sensitivity C-reactive protein predicts 10-year cardiovascular outcome after percutaneous coronary intervention. EuroIntervention 12:345–351. https://doi.org/10.4244/EIJY15M07_04

Article