Harris R, Harman DJ, Card TR, Aithal GP, Guha IN. Prevalence of clinically significant liver disease within the general population, as defined by non-invasive markers of liver fibrosis: a systematic review. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017;2:288–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2468-1253(16)30205-9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Friedman SL. Liver fibrosis – from bench to bedside. J Hepatol. 2003;38(Suppl 1):S38-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0168-8278(02)00429-4.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shao T, Chen Z, Belov V, Wang X, Rwema SH, Kumar V, et al. [(18)F]-Alfatide PET imaging of integrin αvβ3 for the non-invasive quantification of liver fibrosis. J Hepatol. 2020;73:161–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2020.02.018.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Yin M, Glaser KJ, Talwalkar JA, Chen J, Manduca A, Ehman RL. Hepatic MR Elastography: Clinical Performance in a Series of 1377 Consecutive Examinations. Radiology. 2016;278:114–24. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2015142141.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wegrzyniak O, Rosestedt M, Eriksson O. Recent Progress in the Molecular Imaging of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22147348.

Yang AT, Kim YO, Yan XZ, Abe H, Aslam M, Park KS, et al. Fibroblast Activation Protein Activates Macrophages and Promotes Parenchymal Liver Inflammation and Fibrosis. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2023;15:841–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcmgh.2022.12.005.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lay AJ, Zhang HE, McCaughan GW, Gorrell MD. Fibroblast activation protein in liver fibrosis. Front Biosci. 2019;24:1–17. https://doi.org/10.2741/4706.

Article  Google Scholar 

Loktev A, Lindner T, Mier W, Debus J, Altmann A, Jäger D, et al. A Tumor-Imaging Method Targeting Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts. J Nucl Med. 2018;59:1423–9. https://doi.org/10.2967/jnumed.118.210435.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Luo Y, Pan Q, Yang H, Peng L, Zhang W, Li F. Fibroblast Activation Protein-Targeted PET/CT with (68)Ga-FAPI for Imaging IgG4-Related Disease: Comparison to (18)F-FDG PET/CT. J Nucl Med. 2021;62:266–71. https://doi.org/10.2967/jnumed.120.244723.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chen H, Pang Y, Wu J, Zhao L, Hao B, Wu J, et al. Comparison of [(68)Ga]Ga-DOTA-FAPI-04 and [(18)F] FDG PET/CT for the diagnosis of primary and metastatic lesions in patients with various types of cancer. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2020;47:1820–32. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-020-04769-z.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Brunt EM, Janney CG, Di Bisceglie AM, Neuschwander-Tetri BA, Bacon BR. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: a proposal for grading and staging the histological lesions. Am J Gastroenterol. 1999;94:2467–74. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1572-0241.1999.01377.x.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lin ZH, Xin YN, Dong QJ, Wang Q, Jiang XJ, Zhan SH, et al. Performance of the aspartate aminotransferase-to-platelet ratio index for the staging of hepatitis C-related fibrosis: an updated meta-analysis. Hepatology. 2011;53:726–36. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.24105.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sterling RK, Lissen E, Clumeck N, Sola R, Correa MC, Montaner J, et al. Development of a simple noninvasive index to predict significant fibrosis in patients with HIV/HCV coinfection. Hepatology. 2006;43:1317–25. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.21178.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wai CT, Greenson JK, Fontana RJ, Kalbfleisch JD, Marrero JA, Conjeevaram HS, Lok AS. A simple noninvasive index can predict both significant fibrosis and cirrhosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology. 2003;38:518–26. https://doi.org/10.1053/jhep.2003.50346.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sheth SG, Flamm SL, Gordon FD, Chopra S. AST/ALT ratio predicts cirrhosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Am J Gastroenterol. 1998;93:44–8. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1572-0241.1998.044_c.x.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sun Y, Zhou J, Wang L, Wu X, Chen Y, Piao H, et al. New classification of liver biopsy assessment for fibrosis in chronic hepatitis B patients before and after treatment. Hepatology. 2017;65:1438–50. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.29009.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

World Health Organization, Hepatitis B, https://wwwwhoint/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hepatitis-b, Accessed October 5, 2023.

Gao X, Lv F, He X, Zhao Y, Liu Y, Zu J, et al. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on liver disease-related mortality rates in the United States. J Hepatol. 2023;78:16–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2022.07.028.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Levy MT, McCaughan GW, Abbott CA, Park JE, Cunningham AM, Müller E, et al. Fibroblast activation protein: a cell surface dipeptidyl peptidase and gelatinase expressed by stellate cells at the tissue remodelling interface in human cirrhosis. Hepatology. 1999;29:1768–78. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.510290631.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lee J, Byun J, Shim G, Oh YK. Fibroblast activation protein activated antifibrotic peptide delivery attenuates fibrosis in mouse models of liver fibrosis. Nat Commun. 2022;13:1516. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-29186-8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Pirasteh A, Periyasamy S, Meudt JJ, Liu Y, Lee LM, Schachtschneider KM, et al. Staging Liver Fibrosis by Fibroblast Activation Protein Inhibitor PET in a Human-Sized Swine Model. J Nucl Med. 2022;63:1956–61. https://doi.org/10.2967/jnumed.121.263736.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Peng D, Cao J, Guo C, He J, Yang L, Zhang J, et al. Influence of Cirrhosis on (68)Ga-FAPI PET/CT in Intrahepatic Tumors. Radiology. 2023;307:e222448. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.222448.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tatar G, Beyhan E, Erol Fenercioğlu Ö, Sevindir İ, Ergül N, Çermik TF. (68)Ga-FAPI-04 PET/CT Findings in Patients with Liver Cirrhosis. Mol Imaging Radionucl Ther. 2023;32:146–9. https://doi.org/10.4274/mirt.galenos.2022.80774.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zhou Y, Wang Y, Song Y, Ou L, Huang Y, Deng H, Chen X. [(68) Ga]Ga-DOTA-FAPI-04 PET/CT imaging of cirrhosis with hepatocellular carcinoma. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2023;50:1536–7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-022-06077-0.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhao L, Gu J, Fu K, Lin Q, Chen H. 68Ga-FAPI PET/CT in Assessment of Liver Nodules in a Cirrhotic Patient. Clin Nucl Med. 2020;45:e430–2. https://doi.org/10.1097/rlu.0000000000003015.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Scholten D, Trebicka J, Liedtke C, Weiskirchen R. The carbon tetrachloride model in mice. Lab Anim. 2015;49:4–11. https://doi.org/10.1177/0023677215571192.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gündoğan C, Güzel Y, Can C, Kaplan İ, Kömek H. FAPI-04 Uptake in Healthy Tissues of Cancer Patients in (68)Ga-FAPI-04 PET/CT Imaging. Contrast Media Mol Imaging. 2021;2021:9750080. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/9750080.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Qin C, Yang L, Ruan W, Shao F, Lan X. Immunoglobulin G4-Related Sclerosing Cholangitis Revealed by 68Ga-FAPI PET/MR. Clin Nucl Med. 2021;46:419–21. https://doi.org/10.1097/rlu.0000000000003552.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Schmidkonz C, Rauber S, Atzinger A, Agarwal R, Götz TI, Soare A, et al. Disentangling inflammatory from fibrotic disease activity by fibroblast activation protein imaging. Ann Rheum Dis. 2020;79:1485–91. https://doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-217408.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chang PE, Hartono JL, Ngai YL, Dan YY, Lim KB, Chow WC. Optimal liver stiffness measurement values for the diagnosis of significant fibrosis and cirrhosis in chronic liver disease in Singapore. Singapore Med J. 2019;60:532–537. https://doi.org/10.11622/smedj.2018156.