Howlader N, Altekruse SF, Li CI, Chen VW, Clarke CA, Ries LA, Cronin KA. US incidence of breast cancer subtypes defined by joint hormone receptor and HER2 status. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2014;106(5).

Barnard ME, Boeke CE, Tamimi RM. Established breast cancer risk factors and risk of intrinsic tumor subtypes. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2015;1856(1):73–85.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lambertini M, Santoro L, Del Mastro L, Nguyen B, Livraghi L, Ugolini D, Peccatori FA, Azim HA. Jr. Reproductive behaviors and risk of developing breast cancer according to tumor subtype: a systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological studies. Cancer Treat Rev. 2016;49:65–76.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gaudet MM, Gierach GL, Carter BD, Luo J, Milne RL, Weiderpass E, Giles GG, Tamimi RM, Eliassen AH, Rosner B, et al. Pooled analysis of nine cohorts reveals breast cancer risk factors by tumor molecular subtype. Cancer Res. 2018;78(20):6011–21.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Houghton SC, Hankinson SE. Cancer progress and priorities: breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2021;30(5):822–44.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Jung AY, Ahearn TU, Behrens S, Middha P, Bolla MK, Wang Q, Arndt V, Aronson KJ, Augustinsson A, Beane Freeman LE, et al. Distinct reproductive risk profiles for intrinsic-like breast cancer subtypes: pooled analysis of population-based studies. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2022;114(12):1706–19.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mao X, Omeogu C, Karanth S, Joshi A, Meernik C, Wilson L, Clark A, Deveaux A, He C, Johnson T, et al. Association of reproductive risk factors and breast cancer molecular subtypes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Cancer. 2023;23(1):644.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Howlader N, Cronin KA, Kurian AW, Andridge R. Differences in breast cancer survival by molecular subtypes in the United States. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2018;27(6):619–26.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer. Menarche, menopause, and breast cancer risk: individual participant meta-analysis, including 118 964 women with breast cancer from 117 epidemiological studies. Lancet Oncol. 2012;13(11):1141–51.

Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kelsey JL, Gammon MD, John EM. Reproductive factors and breast cancer. Epidemiol Rev. 1993;15(1):36–47.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ma H, Wang Y, Sullivan-Halley J, Weiss L, Marchbanks PA, Spirtas R, Ursin G, Burkman RT, Simon MS, Malone KE, et al. Use of four biomarkers to evaluate the risk of breast cancer subtypes in the women’s contraceptive and reproductive experiences study. Cancer Res. 2010;70(2):575–87.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gaudet MM, Press MF, Haile RW, Lynch CF, Glaser SL, Schildkraut J, Gammon MD, Douglas Thompson W, Bernstein JL. Risk factors by molecular subtypes of breast cancer across a population-based study of women 56 years or younger. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2011;130(2):587–97.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Phipps AI, Chlebowski RT, Prentice R, McTiernan A, Wactawski-Wende J, Kuller LH, Adams-Campbell LL, Lane D, Stefanick ML, Vitolins M, et al. Reproductive history and oral contraceptive use in relation to risk of triple-negative breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2011;103(6):470–7.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Phipps AI, Buist DS, Malone KE, Barlow WE, Porter PL, Kerlikowske K, Li CI. Reproductive history and risk of three breast cancer subtypes defined by three biomarkers. Cancer Causes Control. 2011;22(3):399–405.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tamimi RM, Colditz GA, Hazra A, Baer HJ, Hankinson SE, Rosner B, Marotti J, Connolly JL, Schnitt SJ, Collins LC. Traditional breast cancer risk factors in relation to molecular subtypes of breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2012;131(1):159–67.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Li CI, Beaber EF, Tang MT, Porter PL, Daling JR, Malone KE. Reproductive factors and risk of estrogen receptor positive, triple-negative, and HER2-neu overexpressing breast cancer among women 20–44 years of age. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2013;137(2):579–87.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sisti JS, Collins LC, Beck AH, Tamimi RM, Rosner BA, Eliassen AH. Reproductive risk factors in relation to molecular subtypes of breast cancer: results from the nurses’ Health studies. Int J Cancer. 2016;138(10):2346–56.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Fortner RT, Sisti J, Chai B, Collins LC, Rosner B, Hankinson SE, Tamimi RM, Eliassen AH. Parity, breastfeeding, and breast cancer risk by hormone receptor status and molecular phenotype: results from the nurses’ Health studies. Breast Cancer Res. 2019;21(1):40.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

McCarthy AM, Friebel-Klingner T, Ehsan S, He W, Welch M, Chen J, Kontos D, Domchek SM, Conant EF, Semine A, et al. Relationship of established risk factors with breast cancer subtypes. Cancer Med. 2021;10(18):6456–67.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Phipps AI, Malone KE, Porter PL, Daling JR, Li CI. Reproductive and hormonal risk factors for postmenopausal luminal, HER-2-overexpressing, and triple-negative breast cancer. Cancer. 2008;113(7):1521–6.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ma H, Ursin G, Xu X, Lee E, Togawa K, Duan L, Lu Y, Malone KE, Marchbanks PA, McDonald JA, et al. Reproductive factors and the risk of triple-negative breast cancer in white women and African-American women: a pooled analysis. Breast Cancer Res. 2017;19(1):6.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Palmer JR, Viscidi E, Troester MA, Hong CC, Schedin P, Bethea TN, Bandera EV, Borges V, McKinnon C, Haiman CA et al. Parity, lactation, and breast cancer subtypes in African American women: results from the AMBER Consortium. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2014;106(10).

Ambrosone CB, Zirpoli G, Hong CC, Yao S, Troester MA, Bandera EV, Schedin P, Bethea TN, Borges V, Park SY et al. Important role of menarche in development of estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer in African American women. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2015;107(9).

Benefield HC, Zirpoli GR, Allott EH, Shan Y, Hurson AN, Omilian AR, Khoury T, Hong CC, Olshan AF, Bethea TN, et al. Epidemiology of basal-like and luminal breast cancers among black women in the AMBER Consortium. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2021;30(1):71–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Friebel-Klingner TM, Ehsan S, Conant EF, Kontos D, Domchek SM, McCarthy AM. Risk factors for breast cancer subtypes among black women undergoing screening mammography. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2021;189(3):827–35.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

John EM, Hines LM, Phipps AI, Koo J, Longacre TA, Ingles SA, Baumgartner KB, Slattery ML, Wu AH. Reproductive history, breast-feeding and risk of triple negative breast cancer: the breast Cancer etiology in minorities (BEM) study. Int J Cancer. 2018;142(11):2273–85.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

John EM, Phipps AI, Hines LM, Koo J, Ingles SA, Baumgartner KB, Slattery ML, Wu AH. Menstrual and reproductive characteristics and breast cancer risk by hormone receptor status and ethnicity: the breast Cancer etiology in minorities study. Int J Cancer. 2020;147(7):1808–22.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Clavel-Chapelon F. Differential effects of reproductive factors on the risk of pre- and postmenopausal breast cancer. Results from a large cohort of French women. Br J Cancer. 2002;86(5):723–7.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Trentham-Dietz A, Sprague BL, Hampton JM, Miglioretti DL, Nelson HD, Titus LJ, Egan KM, Remington PL, Newcomb PA. Modification of breast cancer risk according to age and menopausal status: a combined analysis of five population-based case-control studies. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2014;145(1):165–75.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chollet-Hinton L, Anders CK, Tse CK, Bell MB, Yang YC, Carey LA, Olshan AF, Troester MA. Breast cancer biologic and etiologic heterogeneity by young age and menopausal status in the Carolina breast Cancer Study: a case-control study. Breast Cancer Res. 2016;18(1):79.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Jeong SH, An YS, Choi JY, Park B, Kang D, Lee MH, Han W, Noh DY, Yoo KY, Park SK. Risk reduction of breast cancer by childbirth, breastfeeding, and their interaction in Korean women: heterogeneous effects across menopausal status, hormone receptor status, and pathological subtypes. J Prev Med Public Health. 2017;50(6):401–10.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Work ME, John EM, Andrulis IL, Knight JA, Liao Y, Mulligan AM, Southey MC, Giles GG, Dite GS, Apicella C, et al. Reproductive risk factors and oestrogen/progesterone receptor-negative breast cancer in the breast Cancer Family Registry. Br J Cancer. 2014;110(5):1367–77.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wu AH, Vigen C, Lee E, Tseng CC, Butler LM. Traditional breast cancer risk factors in Filipina americans compared with Chinese and Japanese americans in Los Angeles County. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2016;25(12):1572–86.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

John EM, Phipps AI, Davis A, Koo J. Migration history, acculturation, and breast cancer risk in hispanic women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2005;14(12):2905–13.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

John EM, Sangaramoorthy M, Koo J, Whittemore AS, West DW. Enrollment and biospecimen collection in a multiethnic family cohort: the Northern California site of the breast Cancer Family Registry. Cancer Causes Control. 2019;30(4):395–408.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google S