From the Division of Trauma, Surgical Critical Care, Burns and Acute Care Surgery, Department of Surgery (A.E.B., T.W.C.), UC San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, California; University of Oklahoma Health Science Center (A.C.), Oklahoma City, Oklahoma; Division of Acute Care Surgery, Department of Surgery (B.K.Y., M.P.K.), University of Florida-Jacksonville, Jacksonville, Florida; Department of Surgery (R.K.), Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas; Department of Surgery (C.T.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Trauma Services (G.T.T.), Scripps Memorial Hospital La Jolla, La Jolla, California; Division of Acute Care Surgery, Department of Surgery (D.G.J.), Atrium Health-Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, North Carolina; Mercer University School of Medicine (D.W.A.), Atrium Health Navicent, Macon, Georgia; Cedars-Sinai Medical Center (E.J.L.), Los Angeles, California; and Trauma and Surgical Critical Care, Department of Surgery (L.N.), University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan.

Submitted: November 20, 2023, Revised: January 30, 2024, Accepted: February 27, 2024, Published online: March 25, 2024.

Supplemental digital content is available for this article. Direct URL citations appear in the printed text, and links to the digital files are provided in the HTML text of this article on the journal’s Web site (www.jtrauma.com).

Address for correspondence: Todd W. Costantini, MD, FACS, Division of Trauma, Surgical Critical Care, Burns and Acute Care Surgery, Department of Surgery, UC San Diego School of Medicine; email: [email protected].