Clegg A, Young J, Iliffe S, Rikkert MO, Rockwood K. Frailty in elderly people. Lancet. 2013;381:752–62.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

O’Caoimh R, Sezgin D, O’Donovan MR, Molloy DW, Clegg A, Rockwood K, Liew A. Prevalence of frailty in 62 countries across the world: a systematic review and meta-analysis of population-level studies. Age Ageing. 2021;50:96–104.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhou F, Zhou W, Wang W, Fan C, Chen W, Ling L. Associations between Frailty and ambient temperature in Winter: findings from a Population-based study. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022, 20.

Fried LP, Tangen CM, Walston J, Newman AB, Hirsch C, Gottdiener J, Seeman T, Tracy R, Kop WJ, Burke G, et al. Frailty in older adults: evidence for a phenotype. J Gerontol Biol Sci Med Sci. 2001;56:M146–156.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Qin YN, Zheng XP. Association of frailty index with congestive heart failure, all-cause and cardiovascular mortality among individuals with type 2 diabetes: a study from National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES), 1999–2018. Diabetol Metab Syndr. 2023;15:210.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hanlon P, Nicholl BI, Jani BD, Lee D, McQueenie R, Mair FS. Frailty and pre-frailty in middle-aged and older adults and its association with multimorbidity and mortality: a prospective analysis of 493 737 UK Biobank participants. Lancet Public Health. 2018;3:e323–32.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Puts MTE, Toubasi S, Andrew MK, Ashe MC, Ploeg J, Atkinson E, Ayala AP, Roy A, Rodriguez Monforte M, Bergman H, McGilton K. Interventions to prevent or reduce the level of frailty in community-dwelling older adults: a scoping review of the literature and international policies. Age Ageing. 2017;46:383–92.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Faerch K, Vaag A, Holst JJ, Hansen T, Jorgensen T, Borch-Johnsen K. Natural history of insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion in the progression from normal glucose tolerance to impaired fasting glycemia and impaired glucose tolerance: the Inter99 study. Diabetes Care. 2009;32:439–44.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

DeFronzo RA, Ferrannini E, Groop L, Henry RR, Herman WH, Holst JJ, Hu FB, Kahn CR, Raz I, Shulman GI, et al. Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2015;1:15019.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hill MA, Yang Y, Zhang L, Sun Z, Jia G, Parrish AR, Sowers JR. Insulin resistance, cardiovascular stiffening and cardiovascular disease. Metabolism. 2021;119:154766.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Minh HV, Tien HA, Sinh CT, Thang DC, Chen CH, Tay JC, Siddique S, Wang TD, Sogunuru GP, Chia YC, Kario K. Assessment of preferred methods to measure insulin resistance in Asian patients with hypertension. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2021;23:529–37.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tao LC, Xu JN, Wang TT, Hua F, Li JJ. Triglyceride-glucose index as a marker in cardiovascular diseases: landscape and limitations. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2022;21:68.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chen J, Wu K, Lin Y, Huang M, Xie S. Association of triglyceride glucose index with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in the general population. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2023;22:320.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ahn N, Baumeister SE, Amann U, Rathmann W, Peters A, Huth C, Thorand B, Meisinger C. Visceral adiposity index (VAI), lipid accumulation product (LAP), and product of triglycerides and glucose (TyG) to discriminate prediabetes and diabetes. Sci Rep. 2019;9:9693.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Yang Y, Huang X, Wang Y, Leng L, Xu J, Feng L, Jiang S, Wang J, Yang Y, Pan G, et al. The impact of triglyceride-glucose index on ischemic stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2023;22:2.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Che B, Zhong C, Zhang R, Pu L, Zhao T, Zhang Y, Han L. Triglyceride-glucose index and triglyceride to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio as potential cardiovascular disease risk factors: an analysis of UK biobank data. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2023;22:34.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Simental-Mendia LE, Rodriguez-Moran M, Guerrero-Romero F. The product of fasting glucose and triglycerides as surrogate for identifying insulin resistance in apparently healthy subjects. Metab Syndr Relat Disord. 2008;6:299–304.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Son DH, Lee HS, Lee YJ, Lee JH, Han JH. Comparison of triglyceride-glucose index and HOMA-IR for predicting prevalence and incidence of metabolic syndrome. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2022;32:596–604.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Luo P, Cao Y, Li P, Li W, Song Z, Fu Z, Zhou H, Yi X, Zhu L, Zhu S. TyG Index performs Better Than HOMA-IR in Chinese type 2 diabetes Mellitus with a BMI < 35 kg/m2: a hyperglycemic clamp validated study. Med (Kaunas) 2022, 58.

Zheng J, Zhang L, Jiang M. Lower handgrip strength levels probably precede triglyceride glucose index and associated with diabetes in men not in women. J Diabetes Investig. 2022;13:148–55.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kim JA, Hwang SY, Yu JH, Roh E, Hong SH, Lee YB, Kim NH, Yoo HJ, Seo JA, Kim NH, et al. Association of the triglyceride and glucose index with low muscle mass: KNHANES 2008–2011. Sci Rep. 2021;11:450.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Jura M, Kozak LP. Obesity and related consequences to ageing. Age (Dordr). 2016;38:23.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Perez-Tasigchana RF, Leon-Munoz LM, Lopez-Garcia E, Gutierrez-Fisac JL, Laclaustra M, Rodriguez-Artalejo F, Guallar-Castillon P. Metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance are associated with frailty in older adults: a prospective cohort study. Age Ageing. 2017;46:807–12.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Peng PS, Kao TW, Chang PK, Chen WL, Peng PJ, Wu LW. Association between HOMA-IR and Frailty among U.S. Middle-aged and Elderly Population. Sci Rep. 2019;9:4238.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Yuan Y, Chen S, Lin C, Huang X, Lin S, Huang F, Zhu P. Association of triglyceride-glucose index trajectory and frailty in urban older residents: evidence from the 10-year follow-up in a cohort study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2023;22:264.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Safar ME, Czernichow S, Blacher J. Obesity, arterial stiffness, and cardiovascular risk. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006;17:S109–111.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Avgerinos KI, Spyrou N, Mantzoros CS, Dalamaga M. Obesity and cancer risk: emerging biological mechanisms and perspectives. Metabolism. 2019;92:121–35.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Batsis JA, Villareal DT. Sarcopenic obesity in older adults: aetiology, epidemiology and treatment strategies. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2018;14:513–37.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wang Y, Zhang X, Li Y, Gui J, Mei Y, Yang X, Liu H, Guo LL, Li J, Lei Y, et al. Obesity- and lipid-related indices as a predictor of type 2 diabetes in a national cohort study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2023;14:1331739.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Park HM, Han T, Heo SJ, Kwon YJ. Effectiveness of the triglyceride-glucose index and triglyceride-glucose-related indices in predicting cardiovascular disease in middle-aged and older adults: a prospective cohort study. J Clin Lipidol 2023.

Xue Y, Xu J, Li M, Gao Y. Potential screening indicators for early diagnosis of NAFLD/MAFLD and liver fibrosis: triglyceride glucose index-related parameters. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2022;13:951689.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nishida Y, Yamada Y, Sasaki S, Kanda E, Kanno Y, Anzai T, Takahashi K, Yamauchi K, Katsukawa F. Effect of overweight/obesity and metabolic syndrome on frailty in middle-aged and older Japanese adults. Obes Sci Pract. 2024;10:e714.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sun B, Wang J, Wang Y, Xiao W, Liu Y, Wang Y, Chen Y, Lu W. Associations of Dynapenic Abdominal Obesity and Frailty Progression: evidence from two nationwide cohorts. Nutrients 2024, 16.

Blodgett J, Theou O, Kirkland S, Andreou P, Rockwood K. Frailty in NHANES: comparing the frailty index and phenotype. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2015;60:464–70.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pang S, Miao G, Zhou Y, Duan M, Bai L, Zhao X. Association between coffee intake and frailty among older American adults: a population-based cross-sectional study. Front Nutr. 2023;10:1075817.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Jiang Z, Wang J, Cai X, Wang P, Liu S. L-shaped association of serum alpha-klotho and frailty among the middle-aged and older adults: results from NHANES 2007–2016. BMC Geriatr. 2023;23:716.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chen Z, Wen J. Elevated triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index predicts impaired islet beta-cell function: a hospital-based cross-sectional study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2022;13:973655.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Peng H, Pan L, Ran S, Wang M, Huang S, Zhao M, Cao Z, Yao Z, Xu L, Yang Q, Lv W. Prediction of MAFLD and NAFLD using different screening indexes: a cross-sectional study in U.S. adults. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2023;14:1083032.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tao S, Yu L, Li J, Huang L, Huang X, Zhang W, Xie Z, Tan Y, Yang D. Association between the triglyceride-glucose index and 1-year major adverse cardiovascular events in patients with coronary heart disease and hypertension. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2023;22:305.

Article