*Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA

†Department of Critical Care Medicine, CRISMA Center, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA

‡UPMC, Pittsburgh PA

§Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA

∥Department of Computer Science, School of Computing and Information, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA

¶Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA

#Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA

**Department of Health Policy and Management, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA

This study was funded by grants from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality and the National Institutes of Health. This project was also supported by NIH grant UL1TR001857 to the University of Pittsburgh Clinical and Translational Science Institute.

I.J.B. was granted funding from K08HS025455 from AHRQ, and C.W.S. was granted funding from R35GM119519. The remaining authors declare no conflict of interest.

Supplemental Digital Content is available for this article. Direct URL citations are provided in the HTML and PDF versions of this article on the journal's website www.lww-medicalcare.com.

Correspondence to: Ian J. Barbash, MD, MS, University of Pittsburgh, Montefiore Hospital 628 NW, 3459 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213. E-mail: [email protected].