1Department of Orthopedics, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, East Providence, Rhode Island

2Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Lenox Hill Northwell, New York, NY

3Department of Orthopedics, NYU Langone Orthopedic Hospital, New York, NY

4University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California

5Duke Spine Division, Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina

6Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas

7Denver International Spine Center, Denver, Colorado

8Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada

9Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

10Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California Davis, Davis, California

11San Diego Spine, La Jolla, California

12Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY

13Leatherman Spine Center, Louisville, Kentucky

14Department of Neurosurgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia

15Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona

16Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland

17Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri

18Spine Institute of Louisiana, Shreveport, Louisiana

19Southwest Scoliosis and Spine Institute, Dallas, Texas

20The Spine Hospital at New York Presbyterian, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY

21Swedish Neuroscience Institute, Seattle, Washington

aEmail for corresponding author: [email protected]

*Members of the International Spine Study Group are included in a note at the end of the article.

Investigation performed at the Department of Orthopedics, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, East Providence, Rhode Island

Disclosure: Funding for this study was received from DePuy Synthes Spine, NuVasive, and K2/Stryker. In addition, the International Spine Study Group reports grants to the foundation from Medtronic, Globus, Stryker, SI Bone, and Carlsmed. The Disclosure of Potential Conflicts of Interest forms are provided with the online version of the article (https://links.lww.com/JBJS/H962).