Emerging neurotechnologies such as brain–computer interfaces bring together components of biotechnology and digital technology, creating a number of different policy issues. These challenges can range from the safety of medical products to privacy issues with collecting and processing data from the human brain. Such different issues may call for different policy responses. For example, in April 2024, the UK government sent mixed messages about using a new type of policy instrument, regulatory sandboxes, to manage the risks of neurotechnologies1. Regulators using sandboxes can allow small, short-term trials of new products and may modify typical rules to do so. British policymakers appeared to reject the idea of sandbox policies for medical devices involving neurotechnology, but left room for using privacy sandboxes for data collected by similar devices, including consumer-oriented neurotechnologies.

Regulatory sandboxes are a relatively new class of policy tool that aims to accelerate innovation by allowing technology developers to test their products or services in a small setting where regulators relax existing rules or provide special guidance2. In return, participating entities often must propose and adhere to their own internal system of risk management, which can involve testing new rules, best practices or management systems. Regulators must decide who can enter a sandbox and under what conditions, supervise all entities while they participate, and protect patients or consumers during these trials and as they wind down.