aDepartment of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

bDepartment of Public Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan

cDepartment of Emergency Medicine, Contra Costa Regional Medical Center, Martinez, California

dDepartment of Emergency Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

Received 10 November 2023 Accepted 17 December 2023.

*Ya-Hui Chang and Neal Handly contributed equally to the writing of this work.

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Correspondence to Ya-Wen Chen, MD, MPH, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, 165 Cambridge Street, Suite 403, Boston, MA 02114, USA Tel: +1 617 643 6730; e-mail: [email protected]