aDepartment of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei

bDepartment of General Medicine, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan

cDepartment of Emergency Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital

dDepartment of Emergency Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan

Received 17 August 2023 Accepted 8 November 2023.

*Yen-Kai Chen and Wei-Lun Wen contributed equally to the writing of this article.

†Members of the EM Insight Collaborative Group and their affiliations are listed in Acknowledgements.

Supplemental digital content is available for this article. Direct URL citations appear in the printed text and are provided in the HTML and PDF versions of this article on the journal's website (www.euro-emergencymed.com).

Correspondence to Chu-Lin Tsai, MD, ScD, Department of Emergency Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, 7 Zhongshan S. Rd, Taipei 100, Taiwan Tel: +886 2 2312 3456 x67684; fax: +886 2 23223150; e-mail: [email protected]