Sun H, Saeedi P, Karuranga S, Pinkepank M, Ogurtsova K, Duncan BB, et al. IDF Diabetes Atlas: Global, regional and country-level diabetes prevalence estimates for 2021 and projections for 2045. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2022;183:109119.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Neeland IJ, Ross R, Despres JP, Matsuzawa Y, Yamashita S, Shai I, et al. Visceral and ectopic fat, atherosclerosis, and cardiometabolic disease: a position statement. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2019;7(9):715–25.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hiuge-Shimizu A, Kishida K, Funahashi T, Ishizaka Y, Oka R, Okada M, et al. Absolute value of visceral fat area measured on computed tomography scans and obesity-related cardiovascular risk factors in large-scale Japanese general population (the VACATION-J study). Ann Med. 2012;44(1):82–92.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Despres JP. Body fat distribution and risk of cardiovascular disease: an update. Circulation. 2012;126(10):1301–13.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Martin S, Sorokin EP, Thomas EL, Sattar N, Cule M, Bell JD, et al. Estimating the effect of liver and pancreas volume and Fat Content on risk of diabetes: a mendelian randomization study. Diabetes Care. 2022;45(2):460–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhao L, Zhou X, Chen Y, Dong Q, Zheng Q, Wang Y et al. Association of visceral fat area or BMI with arterial stiffness in ideal cardiovascular health metrics among T2DM patients. J Diabetes. 2023.

Santos R, Ursu O, Gaulton A, Bento AP, Donadi RS, Bologa CG, et al. A comprehensive map of molecular drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2017;16(1):19–34.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A. Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006;5(10):821–34.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hruska P, Kucera J, Pekar M, Holeczy P, Mazur M, Buzga M, et al. Proteomic Signatures of Human Visceral and subcutaneous adipocytes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2022;107(3):755–75.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Alfadda AA, Masood A, Al-Naami MY, Chaurand P, Benabdelkamel H. A Proteomics Based Approach reveals Differential Regulation of visceral adipose tissue proteins between metabolically healthy and unhealthy obese patients. Mol Cells. 2017;40(9):685–95.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Smith GD, Ebrahim S. Mendelian randomization’: can genetic epidemiology contribute to understanding environmental determinants of disease? Int J Epidemiol. 2003;32(1):1–22.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sun BB, Maranville JC, Peters JE, Stacey D, Staley JR, Blackshaw J, et al. Genomic atlas of the human plasma proteome. Nature. 2018;558(7708):73–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Yao C, Chen G, Song C, Keefe J, Mendelson M, Huan T, et al. Genome-wide mapping of plasma protein QTLs identifies putatively causal genes and pathways for cardiovascular disease. Nat Commun. 2018;9(1):3268.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Suhre K, Arnold M, Bhagwat AM, Cotton RJ, Engelke R, Raffler J, et al. Connecting genetic risk to disease end points through the human blood plasma proteome. Nat Commun. 2017;8:14357.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Folkersen L, Fauman E, Sabater-Lleal M, Strawbridge RJ, Franberg M, Sennblad B, et al. Mapping of 79 loci for 83 plasma protein biomarkers in cardiovascular disease. PLoS Genet. 2017;13(4):e1006706.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Emilsson V, Ilkov M, Lamb JR, Finkel N, Gudmundsson EF, Pitts R, et al. Co-regulatory networks of human serum proteins link genetics to disease. Science. 2018;361(6404):769–73.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zaghlool SB, Sharma S, Molnar M, Matias-Garcia PR, Elhadad MA, Waldenberger M, et al. Revealing the role of the human blood plasma proteome in obesity using genetic drivers. Nat Commun. 2021;12(1):1279.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Pang Y, Kartsonaki C, Lv J, Fairhurst-Hunter Z, Millwood IY, Yu C, et al. Associations of Adiposity, circulating protein biomarkers, and risk of Major Vascular diseases. JAMA Cardiol. 2021;6(3):276–86.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Goudswaard LJ, Bell JA, Hughes DA, Corbin LJ, Walter K, Davey Smith G, et al. Effects of adiposity on the human plasma proteome: observational and mendelian randomisation estimates. Int J Obes (Lond). 2021;45(10):2221–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Han BX, Yan SS, Xu Q, Ni JJ, Wei XT, Feng GJ, et al. Mendelian randomization analysis reveals Causal effects of plasma proteome on body composition traits. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2022;107(5):e2133–40.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zheng J, Haberland V, Baird D, Walker V, Haycock PC, Hurle MR, et al. Phenome-wide mendelian randomization mapping the influence of the plasma proteome on complex diseases. Nat Genet. 2020;52(10):1122–31.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Liu Y, Basty N, Whitcher B, Bell JD, Sorokin EP, van Bruggen N et al. Genetic architecture of 11 organ traits derived from abdominal MRI using deep learning. Elife. 2021;10.

Pierce BL, Ahsan H, Vanderweele TJ. Power and instrument strength requirements for mendelian randomization studies using multiple genetic variants. Int J Epidemiol. 2011;40(3):740–52.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Palmer TM, Lawlor DA, Harbord RM, Sheehan NA, Tobias JH, Timpson NJ, et al. Using multiple genetic variants as instrumental variables for modifiable risk factors. Stat Methods Med Res. 2012;21(3):223–42.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wagner R, Eckstein SS, Yamazaki H, Gerst F, Machann J, Jaghutriz BA, et al. Metabolic implications of pancreatic fat accumulation. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2022;18(1):43–54.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dupuis J, Langenberg C, Prokopenko I, Saxena R, Soranzo N, Jackson AU, et al. New genetic loci implicated in fasting glucose homeostasis and their impact on type 2 diabetes risk. Nat Genet. 2010;42(2):105–16.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Willer CJ, Schmidt EM, Sengupta S, Peloso GM, Gustafsson S, Kanoni S, et al. Discovery and refinement of loci associated with lipid levels. Nat Genet. 2013;45(11):1274–83.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Evangelou E, Warren HR, Mosen-Ansorena D, Mifsud B, Pazoki R, Gao H, et al. Genetic analysis of over 1 million people identifies 535 new loci associated with blood pressure traits. Nat Genet. 2018;50(10):1412–25.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kurki MI, Karjalainen J, Palta P, Sipila TP, Kristiansson K, Donner KM, et al. FinnGen provides genetic insights from a well-phenotyped isolated population. Nature. 2023;613(7944):508–18.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bycroft C, Freeman C, Petkova D, Band G, Elliott LT, Sharp K, et al. The UK Biobank resource with deep phenotyping and genomic data. Nature. 2018;562(7726):203–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Klimentidis YC, Raichlen DA, Bea J, Garcia DO, Wineinger NE, Mandarino LJ, et al. Genome-wide association study of habitual physical activity in over 377,000 UK Biobank participants identifies multiple variants including CADM2 and APOE. Int J Obes (Lond). 2018;42(6):1161–76.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Liu M, Jiang Y, Wedow R, Li Y, Brazel DM, Chen F, et al. Association studies of up to 1.2 million individuals yield new insights into the genetic etiology of tobacco and alcohol use. Nat Genet. 2019;51(2):237–44.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Clarke TK, Adams MJ, Davies G, Howard DM, Hall LS, Padmanabhan S, et al. Genome-wide association study of alcohol consumption and genetic overlap with other health-related traits in UK Biobank (N = 112 117). Mol Psychiatry. 2017;22(10):1376–84.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Howard DM, Adams MJ, Clarke TK, Hafferty JD, Gibson J, Shirali M, et al. Genome-wide meta-analysis of depression identifies 102 independent variants and highlights the importance of the prefrontal brain regions. Nat Neurosci. 2019;22(3):343–52.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Burgess S, Butterworth A, Thompson SG. Mendelian randomization analysis with multiple genetic variants using summarized data. Genet Epidemiol. 2013;37(7):658–65.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bowden J, Davey Smith G, Burgess S. Mendelian randomization with invalid instruments: effect estimation and bias detection through Egger regression. Int J Epidemiol. 2015;44(2):512–25.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar