Khandaker G, Harrison N, Bullmore E, Dantzer R. Textbook of immunopsychiatry. Cambridge CB2 8BS, England: Cambridge University Press; 2021.

Franceschi C, Bonafe M, Valensin S, Olivieri F, De Luca M, Ottaviani E, et al. Inflamm-aging. An evolutionary perspective on immunosenescence. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2000;908:244–54.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Franceschi C, Garagnani P, Parini P, Giuliani C, Santoro A. Inflammaging: a new immune-metabolic viewpoint for age-related diseases. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2018;14:576–90.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Salminen A. Activation of immunosuppressive network in the aging process. Ageing Res Rev. 2020;57:100998.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Liu Z, Liang Q, Ren Y, Guo C, Ge X, Wang L, et al. Immunosenescence: molecular mechanisms and diseases. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2023;8:200.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hansen N, Juhl AL, Grenzer IM, Hirschel S, Teegen B, Fitzner D, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid total tau protein correlates with longitudinal, progressing cognitive dysfunction in anti-neural autoantibody-associated dementia and Alzheimer’s dementia: a case-control study. Front Immunol. 2022;13:837376.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hansen N, Bartels C, Stocker W, Wiltfang J, Fitzner D. Impaired verbal memory recall in patients with axonal degeneration and serum glycine-receptor autoantibodies-case series. Front Psychiatry. 2021;12:778684.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hansen N, Krasiuk I, Titsch T. Neural autoantibodies in delirium. J Autoimmun. 2021;125:102740.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hansen N, Malchow B, Zerr I, Stocker W, Wiltfang J, Timaus C. Neural cell-surface and intracellular autoantibodies in patients with cognitive impairment from a memory clinic cohort. J Neural Transm. 2021;128:357–69.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nielsen RE, Banner J, Jensen SE. Cardiovascular disease in patients with severe mental illness. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2021;18:136–45.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kappelmann N, Perry BI, Khandaker GM. Prenatal and childhood immuno-metabolic risk factors for adult depression and psychosis. Harv Rev Psychiatry. 2022;30:8–23.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Upthegrove R, Khandaker GM. Cytokines, oxidative stress and cellular markers of inflammation in schizophrenia. Curr Top Behav Neurosci. 2020;44:49–66.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pillinger T, D’Ambrosio E, McCutcheon R, Howes OD. Is psychosis a multisystem disorder? A meta-review of central nervous system, immune, cardiometabolic, and endocrine alterations in first-episode psychosis and perspective on potential models. Mol Psychiatry. 2019;24:776–94.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jackson AJ, Miller BJ. Meta-analysis of total and differential white blood cell counts in schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2020;142:18–26.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Osimo EF, Perry BI, Cardinal RN, Lynall ME, Lewis J, Kudchadkar A, et al. Inflammatory and cardiometabolic markers at presentation with first episode psychosis and long-term clinical outcomes: a longitudinal study using electronic health records. Brain Behav Immun. 2021;91:117–27.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Halstead S, Siskind D, Amft M, Wagner E, Yakimov V, Shih-Jung Liu Z, et al. Alteration patterns of peripheral concentrations of cytokines and associated inflammatory proteins in acute and chronic stages of schizophrenia: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Lancet Psychiatry. 2023;10:260–71.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mackey M, Holleran L, Donohoe G, McKernan DP. Systematic review and meta-analysis of damage associated molecular patterns HMGB1 and S100B in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Investig. 2022;19:981–90.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mazza MG, Capellazzi M, Lucchi S, Tagliabue I, Rossetti A, Clerici M. Monocyte count in schizophrenia and related disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Neuropsychiatr. 2020;32:229–36.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nikkila HV, Muller K, Ahokas A, Miettinen K, Rimon R, Andersson LC. Accumulation of macrophages in the CSF of schizophrenic patients during acute psychotic episodes. Am J Psychiatry. 1999;156:1725–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rauber S, Heming M, Repple J, Ruland T, Kuelby R, Schulte-Mecklenbeck A, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid flow cytometry distinguishes psychosis spectrum disorders from differential diagnoses. Mol Psychiatry. 2021;26:7661–70.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Steiner J, Frodl T, Schiltz K, Dobrowolny H, Jacobs R, Fernandes BS, et al. Innate immune cells and C-reactive protein in acute first-episode psychosis and schizophrenia: relationship to psychopathology and treatment. Schizophr Bull. 2020;46:363–73.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sandberg AA, Steen VM, Torsvik A. Is elevated neutrophil count and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio a cause or consequence of schizophrenia?-A scoping review. Front Psychiatry. 2021;12:728990.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mazza MG, Lucchi S, Rossetti A, Clerici M. Neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio, monocyte-lymphocyte ratio and platelet-lymphocyte ratio in non-affective psychosis: A meta-analysis and systematic review. World J Biol Psychiatry. 2020;21:326–38.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nunez C, Stephan-Otto C, Usall J, Bioque M, Lobo A, Gonzalez-Pinto A, et al. Neutrophil count is associated with reduced gray matter and enlarged ventricles in first-episode psychosis. Schizophr Bull. 2019;45:846–58.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dunleavy C, Elsworthy RJ, Upthegrove R, Wood SJ, Aldred S. Inflammation in first-episode psychosis: the contribution of inflammatory biomarkers to the emergence of negative symptoms, a systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2022;146:6–20.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pouget JG. The emerging immunogenetic architecture of schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 2018;44:993–1004.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Steen NE, Rahman Z, Szabo A, Hindley GFL, Parker N, Cheng W, et al. Shared genetic loci between schizophrenia and white blood cell counts suggest genetically determined systemic immune abnormalities. Schizophr Bull. 2023;49:1345–54.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Astle WJ, Elding H, Jiang T, Allen D, Ruklisa D, Mann AL, et al. The allelic landscape of human blood cell trait variation and links to common complex disease. Cell. 2016;167:1415–1429.e19.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cullen AE, Holmes S, Pollak TA, Blackman G, Joyce DW, Kempton MJ, et al. Associations between non-neurological autoimmune disorders and psychosis: a meta-analysis. Biol Psychiatry. 2019;85:35–48.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mikhalitskaya EV, Vyalova NM, Ermakov EA, Levchuk LA, Simutkin GG, Bokhan NA, et al. Association of single nucleotide polymorphisms of cytokine genes with depression, schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Genes. 2023;14:1460.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cheng W, Frei O, van der Meer D, Wang Y, O’Connell KS, Chu Y, et al. Genetic association between schizophrenia and cortical brain surface area and thickness. JAMA Psychiatry. 2021;78:1020–30.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Montano C, Taub MA, Jaffe A, Briem E, Feinberg JI, Trygvadottir R, et al. Association of DNA methylation differences with schizophrenia in an epigenome-wide association study. JAMA Psychiatry. 2016;73:506–14.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

van den Oord E, Xie LY, Zhao M, Campbell TL, Turecki G, Kahler AK, et al. Genes implicated by a methylome-wide schizophrenia study in neonatal blood show differential expression in adult brain samples. Mol Psychiatry. 2023;28:2088–94.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kotsakis Ruehlmann A, Sammallahti S, Cortes Hidalgo AP, Bakulski KM, Binder EB, Campbell ML, et al. Epigenome-wide meta-analysis of prenatal maternal stressful life events and newborn DNA methylation. Mol Psychiatry. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-023-02010-5.

Li M, Li Y, Qin H, Tubbs JD, Li M, Qiao C, et al. Genome-wide DNA methylation analysis of peripheral blood cells derived from patients with first-episode schizophrenia in the Chinese Han population. Mol Psychiatry. 2021;26:4475–85.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Uranova NA, Bonartsev PD, Androsova LV, Rakhmanova VI, Kaleda VG. Impaired monocyte activation in schizophrenia: ultrastructural abnormalities and increased IL-1beta production. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2017;267:417–26.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Drexhage RC, van der Heul-Nieuwenhuijsen L, Padmos RC, van Beveren N, Cohen D, Versnel MA, et al. Inflammatory gene expression in monocytes of patients with schizophrenia: overlap and difference with bipolar disorder. A study in naturalistically treated patients. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2010;13:1369–81.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Weber NS, Gressitt KL, Cowan DN, Niebuhr DW, Yolken RH, Severance EG. Monocyte activation detected prior to a diagnosis of schizophrenia in the US Military New Onset Psychosis Project (MNOPP). Schizophr Res. 2018;197:465–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Muller N, Wagner JK, Krause D, Weidinger E, Wildenauer A, Obermeier M, et al. Impaired monocyte activation in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res. 2012;198:341–6.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hughes HK, Mills-Ko E, Yang H, Lesh TA, Carter CS, Ashwood P. Dif