H. Brenner, M. Kloor, C.P. Pox, Colorectal cancer. Lancet 383(9927), 1490–1502 (2014)

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

B. Duan, Y. Zhao, J. Bai, J. Wang, X. Duan, X. Luo, et al., Colorectal cancer: an overview, In: Gastrointestinal Cancers, ed. J.A. Morgado-Diaz (Exon Publications, Brisbane (AU), 2022). Copyright: The Authors.; The authors confirm that the materials included in this chapter do not violate copyright laws. Where relevant, appropriate permissions have been obtained from the original copyright holder(s), and all original sources have been appropriately acknowledged or referenced

Google Scholar 

R.L. Siegel, K.D. Miller, N.S. Wagle, A. Jemal, Cancer statistics, 2023. CA Cancer J. Clin. 73(1), 17–48 (2023)

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

N.A. Johdi, N.F. Sukor, Colorectal Cancer Immunotherapy: options and Strategies. Front. Immunol. 11, 1624 (2020)

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

M. Marcuello, V. Vymetalkova, R.P.L. Neves, S. Duran-Sanchon, H.M. Vedeld, E. Tham, et al, Circulating biomarkers for early detection and clinical management of colorectal cancer. Mol. Aspect. Med. 69, 107–122 (2019)

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

H. Hampel, M.F. Kalady, R. Pearlman, P.P. Stanich, Hereditary Colorectal Cancer. Hematol./Oncol. Clin. N. Am. 36(3), 429–447 (2022)

Article  Google Scholar 

S. Sakata, D.W. Larson, Targeted Therapy for Colorectal Cancer. Surg. Oncol. Clin. N. Am. 31(2), 255–264 (2022)

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

A.L. Mattei, N. Bailly, A. Meissner, DNA methylation: a historical perspective. Trends Genet. 38(7), 676–707 (2022)

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

L.D. Moore, T. Le, G. Fan, DNA methylation and its basic function. Neuropsychopharmacol. 38(1), 23–38 (2013)

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

M. Klutstein, D. Nejman, R. Greenfield, H. Cedar, DNA Methylation in Cancer and Aging. Cancer Res. 76(12), 3446–3450 (2016)

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

G. Jung, E. Hernández-Illán, L. Moreira, F. Balaguer, A. Goel, Epigenetics of colorectal cancer: biomarker and therapeutic potential. Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 17(2), 111–130 (2020)

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

D. Müller, B. Győrffy, DNA methylation-based diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive biomarkers in colorectal cancer. Biochim. Biophys. Acta Rev. Cancer 1877(3), 188722 (2022)

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

B. Dariya, S. Aliya, N. Merchant, A. Alam, G.P. Nagaraju, Colorectal Cancer Biology, Diagnosis, and Therapeutic Approaches. Crit. Rev. Oncogenesis 25(2), 71–94 (2020)

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

V. Vymetalkova, P. Vodicka, S. Vodenkova, S. Alonso, R. Schneider-Stock, DNA methylation and chromatin modifiers in colorectal cancer. Mol. Aspect. Med. 69, 73–92 (2019)

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

K. Cervena, A. Siskova, T. Buchler, P. Vodicka, V. Vymetalkova, Methylation-Based Therapies for Colorectal Cancer. Cells 9(6) (2020)

A.M. Jubb, S.M. Bell, P. Quirke, Methylation and colorectal cancer. J. Pathol. 195(1), 111–134 (2001)

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

A. Gutierrez, H. Demond, P. Brebi, C.G. Ili, Novel Methylation Biomarkers for Colorectal Cancer Prognosis. Biomolecules 11(11) (2021)

V.A. Ionescu, G. Gheorghe, N. Bacalbasa, A.L. Chiotoroiu, C. Diaconu, Colorectal Cancer: from Risk Factors to Oncogenesis. Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) 59(9) (2023)

V.V. Lao, W.M. Grady, Epigenetics and colorectal cancer. Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 8(12), 686–700 (2011)

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Y. Chen, X. Zheng, C. Wu, The Role of the Tumor Microenvironment and Treatment Strategies in Colorectal Cancer. Front. Immunol. 12, 792691 (2021)

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

C.R. Lichtenstern, R.K. Ngu, S. Shalapour, M. Karin, Immunotherapy, Inflammation and Colorectal Cancer. Cells 9(3) (2020)

M.A. Senchukova, Genetic heterogeneity of colorectal cancer and the microbiome. World J. Gastrointestinal Oncol. 15(3), 443–463 (2023)

Article  Google Scholar 

Y. Xi, P. Xu, Global colorectal cancer burden in 2020 and projections to 2040. Transl. Oncol. 14(10), 101174 (2021)

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

M.W. Dougherty, C. Jobin, Intestinal bacteria and colorectal cancer: etiology and treatment. Gut. Microbes. 15(1), 2185028 (2023)

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

G. Zhu, L. Pei, H. Xia, Q. Tang, F. Bi, Role of oncogenic KRAS in the prognosis, diagnosis and treatment of colorectal cancer. Mol. Cancer 20(1), 143 (2021)

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

G. Rosati, G. Aprile, A. Colombo, S. Cordio, M. Giampaglia, A. Cappetta, et al., Colorectal Cancer Heterogeneity and the Impact on Precision Medicine and Therapy Efficacy. Biomedicines. 10(5) (2022)

J. Liu, P. Chen, J. Zhou, H. Li, Z. Pan, Prognostic impact of lactylation-associated gene modifications in clear cell renal cell carcinoma: insights into molecular landscape and therapeutic opportunities. Environ. Toxicol. n/a(n/a)

H. Li, L. Zhou, W. Zhou, X. Zhang, J. Shang, X. Feng, et al., Decoding the mitochondrial connection: development and validation of biomarkers for classifying and treating systemic lupus erythematosus through bioinformatics and machine learning. BMC Rheumatol. 7(1), 44 (2023)

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

T. McInnes, D. Zou, D.S. Rao, F.M. Munro, V.L. Phillips, J.L. McCall, et al., Genome-wide methylation analysis identifies a core set of hypermethylated genes in CIMP-H colorectal cancer. BMC Cancer 17(1), 228 (2017)

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

R.N. Jorissen, P. Gibbs, M. Christie, S. Prakash, L. Lipton, J. Desai, et al., Metastasis-Associated Gene Expression Changes Predict Poor Outcomes in Patients with Dukes Stage B and C Colorectal Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 15(24), 7642–7651 (2009)

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

S. Laibe, A. Lagarde, A. Ferrari, G. Monges, D. Birnbaum, S. Olschwang, A seven-gene signature aggregates a subgroup of stage II colon cancers with stage III. OMICS 16(10), 560–565 (2012)

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

M.L. Martin, Z. Zeng, M. Adileh, A. Jacobo, C. Li, E. Vakiani, et al., Logarithmic expansion of LGR5(+) cells in human colorectal cancer. Cell. Signal. 42, 97–105 (2018)

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

W.E. Johnson, C. Li, A. Rabinovic, Adjusting batch effects in microarray expression data using empirical Bayes methods. Biostatistics (Oxford, England) 8(1), 118–127 (2007)

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Y. Tian, T.J. Morris, A.P. Webster, Z. Yang, S. Beck, A. Feber, et al., ChAMP: updated methylation analysis pipeline for Illumina BeadChips. Bioinformatics (Oxford, England) 33(24), 3982–3984 (2017)

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

W. Zhou, P.W. Laird, H. Shen, Comprehensive characterization, annotation and innovative use of Infinium DNA methylation BeadChip probes. Nucleic Acids Res. 45(4), e22 (2017)

PubMed  Google Scholar 

A.D. Kelly, J. Madzo, P. Madireddi, P. Kropf, C.R. Good, J. Jelinek, et al., Demethylator phenotypes in acute myeloid leukemia. Leukemia 32(10), 2178–2188 (2018)

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

P. Du, X. Zhang, C.C. Huang, N. Jafari, W.A. Kibbe, L. Hou, et al., Comparison of Beta-value and M-value methods for quantifying methylation levels by microarray analysis. BMC Bioinf. 11, 587 (2010)

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

K. Yoshihara, M. Shahmoradgoli, E. Martínez, R. Vegesna, H. Kim, W. Torres-Garcia, et al., Inferring tumour purity and stromal and immune cell admixture from expression data. Nat. Commun. 4, 2612 (2013)

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

J. Jeschke, M. Bizet, C. Desmedt, E. Calonne, S. Dedeurwaerder, S. Garaud, et al., DNA methylation-based immune response signature improves patient diagnosis in multiple cancers. J. Clin. Invest. 127(8), 3090–3102 (2017)

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

B. Phipson, J. Maksimovic, A. Oshlack, missMethyl: an R package for analyzing data from Illumina’s HumanMethylation450 platform. Bioinformatics (Oxford, England) 32(2), 286–288 (2016)

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

A. Liberzon, C. Birger, H. Thorvaldsdóttir, M. Ghandi, J.P. Mesirov, P. Tamayo, The Molecular Signatures Database (MSigDB) hallmark gene set collection. Cell Syst. 1(6), 417–425 (2015)

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

M.E. Ritchie, B. Phipson, D. Wu, Y. Hu, C.W. Law, W. Shi, et al., limma powers differential expression analyses for RNA-sequencing and microarray studies. Nucleic Acids Res. 43(7), e47 (2015)

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

T. Wu, E. Hu, S. Xu, M. Chen, P. Guo, Z. Dai, et al., clusterProfiler 4.0: a universal enrichment tool for interpreting omics data. Innovation (Cambridge (Mass)) 2(3), 100141 (2021)

CAS  Google Scholar 

Z. Xie, A. Bailey, M.V. Kuleshov, D.J.B. Clarke, J.E. Evangelista, S.L. Jenkins, et al., Gene Set Knowledge Discovery with Enrichr. Curr. Protocols 1(3), e90 (2021)

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

X. Lu, J. Meng, Y. Zhou, L. Jiang, F. Yan, MOVICS: an R package for multi-omics integration and visualization in cancer subtyping. Bioinformatics (Oxford, England) (2020)