Bastron RD, Moyers J. Emergence delirium. JAMA. 1967;200(10):883.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mason KP. Paediatric emergence delirium: a comprehensive review and interpretation of the literature. Br J Anaesth. 2017;118(3):335–43.

Article  MathSciNet  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pieters BJ, Penn E, Nicklaus P, Bruegger D, Mehta B, Weatherly R. Emergence delirium and postoperative pain in children undergoing adenotonsillectomy: a comparison of propofol vs sevoflurane anesthesia. Paediatr Anaesth. 2010;20(10):944–50.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kim J, Byun SH, Kim JW, Kim J-Y, Kim YJ, Choi N, Lee BS, Yu S, Kim E. Behavioral changes after hospital discharge in preschool children experiencing emergence delirium after general anesthesia: a prospective observational study. Paediatr Anaesth. 2021;31(10):1056–64.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yuki K, Daaboul DG. Postoperative maladaptive behavioral changes in children. Middle East J Anaesthesiol. 2011;21(2):183–9.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ingelmo PM, Somaini M, Engelhardt T. Emergence delirium may not just be a recovery room problem. Paediatr Anaesth. 2021;31(10):1022–4.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Capone M, Giannarelli D, Mallardo D, Madonna G, Festino L, Grimaldi AM, Vanella V, Simeone E, Paone M, Palmieri G, Cavalcanti E, Caracò C, Ascierto PA. Baseline neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and derived NLR could predict overall survival in patients with advanced melanoma treated with nivolumab. J Immunother Cancer. 2018;6(1):74.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Afari ME, Bhat T. Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and cardiovascular diseases: an update. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther. 2016;14(5):573–7.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lu W, Zhang K, Chang X, Yu X, Bian J. The association between systemic immune-inflammation index and postoperative cognitive decline in elderly patients. Clin Interv Aging. 2022;17:699–705.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wan J, Luo P, Du X, Yan H. Preoperative red cell distribution width predicts postoperative cognitive dysfunction after coronary artery bypass grafting. Biosci Rep. 2020;40 (4).

Oyama T, Kinoshita H, Takekawa D, Saito J, Kushikata T, Hirota K. Higher neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, mean platelet volume, and platelet distribution width are associated with postoperative delirium in patients undergoing esophagectomy: a retrospective observational study. J Anesth. 2022;36(1):58–67.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Simsek G, Karacayli C, Ozel A, Arslan B, Muluk NB, Kilic R. Blood parameters as indicators of upper airway obstruction in children with adenoid or adenotonsillar hypertrophy. J Craniofac Surg. 2015;26(3):e213–6.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sakat MS, Kilic K, Kars A, Kara M, Gozeler MS. Can red blood cell distribution width be a potential marker in the decision to perform tonsillectomy. Eurasian J Med. 2018;50(1):11–3.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Yenigun A. The efficacy of tonsillectomy in chronic tonsillitis patients as demonstrated by the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio. J Laryngol Otol. 2015;129(4):386–91.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cheng Z, Wang L, Li L, Sun B, Zhang Y, Su Y, Wang L. Development and validation of a prediction model for preoperative anxiety in children aged 2–12 years old. Paediatr Anaesth. 2023;33(2):134–43.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sikich N, Lerman J. Development and psychometric evaluation of the pediatric anesthesia emergence delirium scale. Anesthesiology. 2004;100(5):1138–45.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tan GX, Tunkel DE. Control of pain after tonsillectomy in children: a review. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2017;143(9):937–42.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Somaini M, Engelhardt T, Fumagalli R, Ingelmo PM. Emergence delirium or pain after anaesthesia—how to distinguish between the two in young children: a retrospective analysis of observational studies. Br J Anaesth. 2016;116(3):377–83.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kim J, Lee H-C, Byun S-H, Lim H, Lee M, Choung Y, Kim E. Frontal electroencephalogram activity during emergence from general anaesthesia in children with and without emergence delirium. Br J Anaesth. 2021;126(1):293–303.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Beringer RM, Greenwood R, Kilpatrick N. Development and validation of the Pediatric Anesthesia Behavior score—an objective measure of behavior during induction of anesthesia. Paediatr Anaesth. 2014;24(2):196–200.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lin N, Liu K, Feng J, Chen R, Ying Y, Lv D, Zhou Y, Xu H. Development and validation of a postoperative delirium prediction model for pediatric patients: a prospective, observational, single-center study. Medicine (Baltimore). 2021;100(20):e25894.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dechnik A, Traube C. Delirium in hospitalised children. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2020;4(4):312–21.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kain ZN, Caldwell-Andrews AA, Maranets I, McClain B, Gaal D, Mayes LC, Feng R, Zhang H. Preoperative anxiety and emergence delirium and postoperative maladaptive behaviors. Anesth Analg. 2004;99(6):1648–54.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cabinio M, Saresella M, Piancone F, LaRosa F, Marventano I, Guerini FR, Nemni R, Baglio F, Clerici M. Association between hippocampal shape, neuroinflammation, and cognitive decline in Alzheimer’s disease. J Alzheimers Dis. 2018;66(3):1131–44.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Guldolf K, Vandervorst F, Gens R, Ourtani A, Scheinok T, De Raedt S. Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio predicts delirium after stroke. Age Ageing. 2021;50(5):1626–32.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kapetanovic S, Simpson GM. Delirium in HIV-associated dementia. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2006;45(7):767–8 (reply 768–9).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Baglam T, Binnetoglu A, Yumusakhuylu AC, Gerin F, Demir B, Sari M. Predictive value of the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio in patients with deep neck space infection secondary to acute bacterial tonsillitis. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2015;79(9):1421–4.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wu J, Gu M, Chen S, Chen W, Ni K, Xu H, Li X. Factors related to pediatric obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in different age groups. Medicine (Baltimore). 2017;96(42):e8281.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hauber HP, Rüller S, Müller E, Hansen E, Zabel P. Pharyngeal lavage lymphocytosis in patients with obstructive sleep apnea: a preliminary observation. PLoS ONE. 2011;6(1):e16277.

Article  ADS  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ohashi N, Denda S, Furutani K, Yoshida T, Kamiya Y, Komura R, Nishimaki H, Iinuma Y, Hirayama Y, Naitou S, Nitta K, Baba H. Ultrasound-guided ilioinguinal/iliohypogastric block did not reduce emergence delirium after ambulatory pediatric inguinal hernia repair: a prospective randomized double-blind study.

Kim J, Bhattacharjee R, Dayyat E, Snow AB, Kheirandish-Gozal L, Goldman JL, Li RC, Serpero LD, Clair HB, Gozal D. Increased cellular proliferation and inflammatory cytokines in tonsils derived from children with obstructive sleep apnea. Pediatr Res. 2009;66(4):423–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lee SJ, Sung TY. Emergence agitation: current knowledge and unresolved questions. Korean J Anesthesiol. 2020;73(6):471–85.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Maldonado JR. Neuropathogenesis of delirium: review of current etiologic theories and common pathways. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2013;21(12):1190–222.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Egberts A, Mattace-Raso FU. Increased neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio in delirium: a pilot study. Clin Interv Aging. 2017;12:1115–21.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar