Dhindsa DS, Sandesara PB, Shapiro MD, Wong ND. The evolving understanding and approach to residual cardiovascular risk management. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2020;7:88.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zhao D. Epidemiological features of cardiovascular disease in Asia. JACC Asia. 2021;1(1):1–13.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bowen KJ, Sullivan VK, Kris-Etherton PM, Petersen KS. Nutrition and cardiovascular disease—an update. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2018;20(2):8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Marhuenda J, Villaño D, Cerdá B, Zafrilla MP. Cardiovascular disease and nutrition. Nutrition in health and disease-our challenges now and forthcoming time. London: IntechOpen; 2019.

Fiolet T, Srour B, Sellem L, Kesse-Guyot E, Allès B, Méjean C, et al. Consumption of ultra-processed foods and cancer risk: results from NutriNet-Santé prospective cohort. BMJ. 2018;360:66.

Google Scholar 

Beslay M, Srour B, Méjean C, Allès B, Fiolet T, Debras C, et al. Ultra-processed food intake in association with BMI change and risk of overweight and obesity: a prospective analysis of the French NutriNet-Santé cohort. PLoS Med. 2020;17(8): e1003256.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

da Costa Louzada ML, Ricardo CZ, Steele EM, Levy RB, Cannon G. The share of ultra-processed foods determines the overall nutritional quality of diets in Brazil. Public Health Nutr. 2018;21(1):94–102.

Article  Google Scholar 

Marino M, Puppo F, Del Bo C, Vinelli V, Riso P, Porrini M, et al. A systematic review of worldwide consumption of ultra-processed foods: findings and criticisms. Nutrients. 2021;13(8):66.

Article  Google Scholar 

Srour B, Fezeu LK, Kesse-Guyot E, Alles B, Mejean C, Andrianasolo RM, et al. Ultra-processed food intake and risk of cardiovascular disease: prospective cohort study (NutriNet-Sante). BMJ. 2019;365: l1451.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mendonça RdD, Pimenta AM, Gea A, de la Fuente-Arrillaga C, Martinez-Gonzalez MA, Lopes ACS, et al. Ultraprocessed food consumption and risk of overweight and obesity: the University of Navarra Follow-Up (SUN) cohort study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2016;104(5):1433–40.

Mozaffarian D. Dietary and policy priorities for cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and obesity: a comprehensive review. Circulation. 2016;133(2):187–225.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mendonça RdD, Lopes ACS, Pimenta AM, Gea A, Martinez-Gonzalez MA, Bes-Rastrollo M. Ultra-processed food consumption and the incidence of hypertension in a mediterranean cohort: the Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra Project. Am J Hypertens. 2016;30(4):358–66.

Montero-Salazar H, Donat-Vargas C, Moreno-Franco B, Sandoval-Insausti H, Civeira F, Laclaustra M, et al. High consumption of ultra-processed food may double the risk of subclinical coronary atherosclerosis: the Aragon Workers’ Health Study (AWHS). BMC Med. 2020;18(1):235.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Donat-Vargas C, Sandoval-Insausti H, Rey-García J, Moreno-Franco B, Åkesson A, Banegas JR, et al. High consumption of ultra-processed food is associated with incident dyslipidemia: a prospective study of older adults. J Nutr. 2021;151(8):2390–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Llavero-Valero M, Escalada-San Martin J, Martinez-Gonzalez MA, Basterra-Gortari FJ, de la Fuente-Arrillaga C, Bes-Rastrollo M. Ultra-processed foods and type-2 diabetes risk in the SUN project: a prospective cohort study. Clin Nutr. 2021;40(5):2817–24.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Levy RB, Rauber F, Chang K, Louzada M, Monteiro CA, Millett C, et al. Ultra-processed food consumption and type 2 diabetes incidence: a prospective cohort study. Clin Nutr. 2021;40(5):3608–14.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Juul F, Vaidean G, Lin Y, Deierlein AL, Parekh N. Ultra-processed foods and incident cardiovascular disease in the Framingham offspring study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2021;77(12):1520–31.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Azizi F, Ghanbarian A, Momenan AA, Hadaegh F, Mirmiran P, Hedayati M, et al. Prevention of non-communicable disease in a population in nutrition transition: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study phase II. Trials. 2009;10(1):1–15.

Article  Google Scholar 

Project WM. A worldwide monitoring system for cardiovascular diseases. World Health Statistics Annual; 1989.

Azizi F, Zadeh-Vakili A, Takyar M. Review of rationale, design, and initial findings: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study. Int J Endocrinol Metab. 2018;16(4):66.

Google Scholar 

Mirmiran P, Esfahani FH, Mehrabi Y, Hedayati M, Azizi F. Reliability and relative validity of an FFQ for nutrients in the Tehran lipid and glucose study. Public Health Nutr. 2010;13(5):654–62.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Asghari G, Rezazadeh A, Hosseini-Esfahani F, Mehrabi Y, Mirmiran P, Azizi F. Reliability, comparative validity and stability of dietary patterns derived from an FFQ in the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study. Br J Nutr. 2012;108(6):1109–17.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bodner-Montville J, Ahuja JK, Ingwersen LA, Haggerty ES, Enns CW, Perloff BP. USDA food and nutrient database for dietary studies: released on the web. J Food Compos Anal. 2006;19:S100-7.

Article  Google Scholar 

Azar M, Sarkisian E. Food composition table of Iran: National Nutrition and Food Research Institute. Tehran: Shaheed Beheshti University; 1980.

Google Scholar 

Delshad M, Ghanbarian A, Ghaleh NR, Amirshekari G, Askari S, Azizi F. Reliability and validity of the modifiable activity questionnaire for an Iranian urban adolescent population. Int J Prev Med. 2015;6:3.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Askari S, Asghari G, Ghanbarian A, Khazan M, Alamdari S, Azizi F. Seasonal variations of blood pressure in adults: Tehran lipid and glucose study. Arch Iran Med. 2014;17(6):441–3.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Azizi F, Ghanbarian A, Madjid M, Rahmani M. Distribution of blood pressure and prevalence of hypertension in Tehran adult population: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (TLGS), 1999–2000. J Hum Hypertens. 2002;16(5):305–12.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tohidi M, Ghasemi A, Hadaegh F, Derakhshan A, Chary A, Azizi F. Age-and sex-specific reference values for fasting serum insulin levels and insulin resistance/sensitivity indices in healthy Iranian adults: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study. Clin Biochem. 2014;47(6):432–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Monteiro CA, Cannon G, Lawrence M, Costa Louzada Md, Pereira Machado P. Ultra-processed foods, diet quality, and health using the NOVA classification system. Rome: FAO. 2019;49.

Monteiro CA, Cannon G, Levy RB, Moubarac J-C, Louzada ML, Rauber F, et al. Ultra-processed foods: what they are and how to identify them. Public Health Nutr. 2019;22(5):936–41.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hadaegh F, Harati H, Ghanbarian A, Azizi F. Association of total cholesterol versus other serum lipid parameters with the short-term prediction of cardiovascular outcomes: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2006;13(4):571–7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Barkhordari M, Padyab M, Sardarinia M, Hadaegh F, Azizi F, Bozorgmanesh M. Survival Regression Modeling Strategies in CVD Prediction. Int J Endocrinol Metab. 2016;14(2): e32156.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, Cushman WC, Green LA, Izzo J, Joseph L, et al. The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood PressureThe JNC 7 Report. JAMA. 2003;289(19):2560–71.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

American Diabetes A. Standards of medical care in diabetes—2014. 2014;37:S14–80.

D’Agostino RB Sr, Vasan RS, Pencina MJ, Wolf PA, Cobain M, Massaro JM, et al. General cardiovascular risk profile for use in primary care: the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation. 2008;117(6):743–53.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Khalili D, Hadaegh F, Soori H, Steyerberg EW, Bozorgmanesh M, Azizi F. Clinical usefulness of the Framingham cardiovascular risk profile beyond its statistical performance: the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study. Am J Epidemiol. 2012;176(3):177–86.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Monteiro CA, Moubarac JC, Cannon G, Ng SW. Ultra-processed products are becoming dominant in the global food system. Obesity. 2013;14:21–8.

Google Scholar 

Oviedo-Solís CI, Monterrubio-Flores EA, Cediel G, Denova-Gutiérrez E, Barquera S. Trend of ultraprocessed product intake is associated with the double burden of malnutrition in mexican children and adolescents. Nutrients. 2022;14(20):4347.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Moradi S, HojjatiKermani MA, Bagheri R, Mohammadi H, Jayedi A, Lane MM, Asbaghi O, Mehrabani S, Suzuki K. Ultra-processed food consumption and adult diabetes risk: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis. Nutrients. 2021;13(12):4410.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Askari M, Heshmati J, Shahinfar H, Tripathi N, Daneshzad E. Ultra-processed food and the risk of overweight and obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Int J Obes. 2020;44(10):2080–91.

Article  Google Scholar 

Pagliai G, Dinu M, Madarena MP, Bonaccio M, Iacoviello L, Sofi F. Consumption of ultra-processed foods and health status: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Brit J Nutr. 2021;125(3):308–18.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Juul F, Parekh N, Martinez-Steele E, Monteiro CA, Chang VW. Ultra-processed food consumption among US adults from 2001 to 2018. Am J Clin Nutr. 2022;115(1):211–21.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Neri D, Steele EM, Khandpur N, Cediel G, Zapata ME, Rauber F, et al. Ultraprocessed food consumption and dietary nutrient profiles associated with obesity: a multicountry study of children and adolescents. Obes Rev. 2022;23(Suppl 1): e13387.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kim H, Hu EA, Rebholz CM. Ultra-processed food intake and mortality in the USA: results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III, 1988–1994). Public Health Nutr. 2019;22(10):1777–85.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central