Lorenzetti DW, Uotila MH, Parikh N, Kaufman HE. Central cornea guttata. Incidence in the general population. Am J Ophthalmol. 1967;64(6):1155–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Syed ZA, Tran JA, Jurkunas UV. Peripheral endothelial cell count is a predictor of disease severity in advanced Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy. Cornea. 2017;36(10):1166–71.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Price MO, Gupta P, Lass J, Price FW Jr. EK (DLEK, DSEK, DMEK): new frontier in cornea surgery. Annu Rev Vis Sci. 2017;3:69–90.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hos D, Matthaei M, Bock F, Maruyama K, Notara M, Clahsen T, et al. Immune reactions after modern lamellar (DALK, DSAEK, DMEK) versus conventional penetrating corneal transplantation. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2019;73:100768.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gain P, Jullienne R, He Z, Aldossary M, Acquart S, Cognasse F, et al. Global survey of corneal transplantation and eye banking. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2016;134(2):167–73.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Moloney G, Petsoglou C, Ball M, Kerdraon Y, Höllhumer R, Spiteri N, et al. Descemetorhexis without grafting for Fuchs endothelial dystrophy-supplementation with topical ripasudil. Cornea. 2017;36(6):642–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Garcerant D, Hirnschall N, Toalster N, Zhu M, Wen L, Moloney G. Descemet’s stripping without endothelial keratoplasty. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2019;30(4):275–85.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

McCarey BE, Edelhauser HF, Lynn MJ. Review of corneal endothelial specular microscopy for FDA clinical trials of refractive procedures, surgical devices, and new intraocular drugs and solutions. Cornea. 2008;27(1):1–16.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Benetz BA, Yee R, Bidros M, Lass J. Specular microscopy. In: Krachmer JH, Mannis MJ, Holland EJ, editors. Cornea: fundamentals, diagnosis and management. 3rd ed. New York: Elsevier Inc.; 2011. p. 177–203.

Chapter  Google Scholar 

Din N, Cohen E, Popovic M, Mimouni M, Trinh T, Gouvea L, et al. Surgical management of Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy: a treatment algorithm and individual patient meta-analysis of Descemet stripping only. Cornea. 2022;41(9):1188–95.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shilpashree PS, Suresh KV, Sudhir RR, Srinivas SP. Automated image segmentation of the corneal endothelium in patients with Fuchs dystrophy. Transl Vis Sci Technol. 2021;10(13):27.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Vigueras-Guillén JP, van Rooij J, van Dooren BTH, Lemij HG, Islamaj E, van Vliet LJ, et al. Dense UNets with feedback non-local attention for the segmentation of specular microscopy images of the corneal endothelium with guttae. Sci Rep. 2022;12(1):14035.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Vigueras-Guillén JP, Sari B, Goes SF, Lemij HG, van Rooij J, Vermeer KA, et al. Fully convolutional architecture vs sliding-window CNN for corneal endothelium cell segmentation. BMC Biomed Eng. 2019;1:4.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sierra JS, Pineda J, Rueda D, Tello A, Prada AM, Galvis V, et al. Corneal endothelium assessment in specular microscopy images with Fuchs’ dystrophy via deep regression of signed distance maps. Biomed Opti Express. 2022;14(1):335–41.

Article  Google Scholar 

Sierra JS, Castro JDP, Meza J, Rueda D, Berrospi RD, Tello A, et al. Deep learning for robust segmentation of corneal endothelium images in the presence of cornea guttata. In: Emerging Topics in Artificial Intelligence (ETAI) International Society for Optics and Photonics. USA: San Diego. 2021. Vol. 11804, p. 118041F.

Karmakar R, Nooshabadi S, Eghrari A. An automatic approach for cell detection and segmentation of corneal endothelium in specular microscope. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2022;260(4):1215–24.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Qu JH, Qin XR, Peng RM, Xiao GG, Cheng J, Gu SF, et al. A fully automated segmentation and morphometric parameter estimation system for assessing corneal endothelial cell images. Am J Ophthalmol. 2022;239:142–53.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tang N, Huang G, Lei D, Jiang L, Chen Q, He W, et al. A hybrid system for automatic identification of corneal layers on in vivo confocal microscopy images. Transl Vis Sci Technol. 2023;12(4):8.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Nurzynska K. Deep learning as a tool for automatic segmentation of corneal endothelium images. Symmetry. 2018;10(3):60.

Article  Google Scholar 

Okumura N, Yamada S, Nishikawa T, Narimoto K, Okamura K, Izumi A, et al. U-Net convolutional neural network for segmenting the corneal endothelium in a mouse model of Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy. Cornea. 2022;41(7):901–7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Liu C, Miyajima T, Melangath G, Miyai T, Vasanth S, Deshpande N, et al. Ultraviolet A light induces DNA damage and estrogen-DNA adducts in Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy causing females to be more affected. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2020;117(1):573–83.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fujimoto H, Maeda N, Soma T, Oie Y, Koh S, Tsujikawa M, et al. Quantitative regional differences in corneal endothelial abnormalities in the central and peripheral zones in Fuchs’ endothelial corneal dystrophy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2014;55(8):5090–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Daniel MC, Atzrodt L, Bucher F, Wacker K, Böhringer S, Reinhard T, et al. Automated segmentation of the corneal endothelium in a large set of ‘real-world’ specular microscopy images using the U-Net architecture. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):4752.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Rampat R, Deshmukh R, Chen X, Ting DSW, Said DG, Dua HS, et al. Artificial intelligence in cornea, refractive surgery, and cataract: basic principles, clinical applications, and future directions. Asia Pac J Ophthalmol (Phila). 2021;10(3):268–81.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bitton K, Zéboulon P, Ghazal W, Rizk M, Elahi S, Gatinel D. Deep learning model for the detection of corneal edema before Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty on optical coherence tomography images. Transl Vis Sci Technol. 2022;11(12):19.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Vigueras-Guillén JP, van Rooij J, Engel A, Lemij HG, van Vliet LJ, Vermeer KA. Deep learning for assessing the corneal endothelium from specular microscopy images up to 1 year after ultrathin-DSAEK surgery. Trans Vis Sci Tech. 2020;9(2):49.

Article  Google Scholar 

Treder M, Lauermann JL, Alnawaiseh M, Eter N. Using deep learning in automated detection of graft detachment in Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty: a pilot study. Cornea. 2019;38(2):157–61.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hayashi T, Tabuchi H, Masumoto H, Morita S, Oyakawa I, Inoda S, et al. A deep learning approach in rebubbling after Descemet’s membrane endothelial keratoplasty. Eye Contact Lens. 2020;46(2):121–6.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Krachmer JH, Purcell JJ, Young CW, Bucher KD. Corneal endothelial dystrophy: a study of 64 families. Arch Ophthalmol. 1978;96(11):2036–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar