Wan P, Xu D, Zhang J, Li Q, Zhang M, Chen X, Luo Y, Shen C, Han L, Xia Q (2016) Liver transplantation for biliary atresia: a nationwide investigation from 1996 to 2013 in mainland China. Pediatr Transplant 20(8):1051–1059. https://doi.org/10.1111/petr.12750

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kasahara M, Umeshita K, Inomata Y, Uemoto S (2013) Long-Term Outcomes of Pediatric Living Donor Liver Transplantation in Japan: An Analysis of More Than 2200 Cases Listed in the Registry of the Japanese Liver Transplantation Society. Am J Transplant 13(7):1830–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajt.12276

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Germani G, Zeni N, Zanetto A, Adam R, Karam V, Belli LS, O’Grady J, Mirza D, Klempnauer J, Cherqui D, Pratschke J, Jamieson N, Salizzoni M, Hidalgo E, Lerut J, Paul A, Garcia-Valdecasas JC, Rodríguez FSJ, Villa E, Burra P (2020) Influence of donor and recipient gender on liver transplantation outcomes in Europe. Liver international : official journal of the International Association for the Study of the Liver 40(8):1961–1971. https://doi.org/10.1111/liv.14510

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Neuberger JM, Bechstein WO, Kuypers DR, Burra P, Citterio F, De Geest S, Duvoux C, Jardine AG, Kamar N, Krämer BK, Metselaar HJ, Nevens F, Pirenne J, Rodríguez-Perálvarez ML, Samuel D, Schneeberger S, Serón D, Trunečka P, Tisone G, van Gelder T (2017) Practical recommendations for long-term management of modifiable risks in kidney and liver transplant recipients: a guidance report and clinical checklist by the Consensus on Managing Modifiable Risk in Transplantation (COMMIT) Group. Transplantation 101 (4S Suppl 2):S1–s56. https://doi.org/10.1097/tp.0000000000001651

Rodríguez-Perálvarez M, Germani G, Darius T, Lerut J, Tsochatzis E, Burroughs AK (2013) Reducing early exposure to calcineurin inhibitors: the key factor for a successful renal sparing strategy. Am J Transplant Off J Am Soc Transplant Am Soc Transplant Surg 13(1):239. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-6143.2012.04306.x

Article  Google Scholar 

Knight SR (2016) Intrapatient variability in tacrolimus exposure - a useful tool for clinical practice? Transpl Int 29(11):1155–1157. https://doi.org/10.1111/tri.12806

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Prytula A, van Gelder T (2019) Clinical aspects of tacrolimus use in paediatric renal transplant recipients. Pediatr Nephrol 34(1):31–43. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-018-3892-8

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shuker N, van Gelder T, Hesselink DA (2015) Intra-patient variability in tacrolimus exposure: causes, consequences for clinical management. Transplant Rev (Orlando) 29(2):78–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trre.2015.01.002

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kuypers DRJ (2019) Intrapatient variability of tacrolimus exposure in solid organ transplantation: a novel marker for clinical outcome. Clin Pharmacol Ther 107(2):347–358. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpt.1618

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Davis S, Gralla J, Klem P, Stites E, Wiseman A, Cooper JE (2020) Tacrolimus intrapatient variability, time in therapeutic range, and risk of de novo donor–specific antibodies. Transplantation 104(4):881–887. https://doi.org/10.1097/tp.0000000000002913

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shuker N, Shuker L, van Rosmalen J, Roodnat JI, Borra LC, Weimar W, Hesselink DA, van Gelder T (2016) A high intrapatient variability in tacrolimus exposure is associated with poor long-term outcome of kidney transplantation. Transpl Int 29(11):1158–1167. https://doi.org/10.1111/tri.12798

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rayar M, Tron C, Jezequel C, Beaurepaire JM, Petitcollin A, Houssel-Debry P, Camus C, Verdier MC, Dehlawi A, Lakehal M, Desfourneaux V, Meunier B, Sulpice L, Bellissant E, Boudjema K, Lemaitre F (2018) High intrapatient variability of tacrolimus exposure in the early period after liver transplantation is associated with poorer outcomes. Transplantation 102(3):e108–e114. https://doi.org/10.1097/TP.0000000000002052

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dopazo C, Bilbao I, Garcia S, Gomez-Gavara C, Caralt M, Campos-Varela I, Castells L, Hidalgo E, Moreso F, Montoro B, Charco R (2022) High intrapatient variability of tacrolimus exposure associated with poorer outcomes in liver transplantation. Clin Transl Sci. https://doi.org/10.1111/cts.13276

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

van der Veer MAA, Nangrahary N, Hesselink DA, Erler NS, Metselaar HJ, van Gelder T, Darwish Murad S (2019) High intrapatient variability in tacrolimus exposure is not associated with immune-mediated graft injury after liver transplantation. Transplantation 103(11):2329–2337. https://doi.org/10.1097/TP.0000000000002680

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pollock-Barziv SM, Finkelstein Y, Manlhiot C, Dipchand AI, Hebert D, Ng VL, Solomon M, McCrindle BW, Grant D (2010) Variability in tacrolimus blood levels increases the risk of late rejection and graft loss after solid organ transplantation in older children. Pediatr Transplant 14(8):968–975. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3046.2010.01409.x

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shemesh E, Bucuvalas JC, Anand R, Mazariegos GV, Alonso EM, Venick RS, Reyes-Mugica M, Annunziato RA, Shneider BL (2017) The medication level variability index (MLVI) predicts poor liver transplant outcomes: a prospective multi-site study. Am J Transplant 17(10):2668–2678. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajt.14276

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Qiang X (2016) Clinical Guidelines of Chinese Pediatric Liver Transplantation (2015 edition). Chin J Transplant 10(1):2–11

Google Scholar 

Banff schema for grading liver allograft rejection: an international consensus document (1997) Hepatology 25(3):658–63. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.510250328

Horan TC, Gaynes RP, Martone WJ, Jarvis WR, Emori TG (1992) CDC definitions of nosocomial surgical site infections, 1992: a modification of CDC definitions of surgical wound infections. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 13(10):606–8

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rodrigo E, Segundo DS, Fernandez-Fresnedo G, Lopez-Hoyos M, Benito A, Ruiz JC, de Cos MA, Arias M (2016) Within-patient variability in tacrolimus blood levels predicts kidney graft loss and Donor-Specific Antibody Development. Transplantation 100(11):2479–2485. https://doi.org/10.1097/TP.0000000000001040

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Knops N, Levtchenko E, van den Heuvel B, Kuypers D (2013) From gut to kidney: transporting and metabolizing calcineurin-inhibitors in solid organ transplantation. Int J Pharm 452(1–2):14–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.05.033

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Vanhove T, Vermeulen T, Annaert P, Lerut E, Kuypers DRJ (2016) High intrapatient variability of tacrolimus concentrations predicts accelerated progression of chronic histologic lesions in renal recipients. Am J Transplant Off J Am Soc Transplant Am Soc Transplant Surg 16(10):2954–2963. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajt.13803

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Defrancq C, De Wilde N, Raes A, Van Biervliet S, Vande Velde S, Van Winckel M, De Bruyne R, Prytula A (2019) Intra-patient variability in tacrolimus exposure in pediatric liver transplant recipients: evolution, risk factors, and impact on patient outcomes. Pediatr Transplant 23(3):e13388. https://doi.org/10.1111/petr.13388

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Olthoff KM, Kulik L, Samstein B, Kaminski M, Abecassis M, Emond J, Shaked A, Christie JD (2010) Validation of a current definition of early allograft dysfunction in liver transplant recipients and analysis of risk factors. Liver transplantation : official publication of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases and the International Liver Transplantation Society 16(8):943–949. https://doi.org/10.1002/lt.22091

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Venkat VL, Nick TG, Wang Y, Bucuvalas JC (2008) An objective measure to identify pediatric liver transplant recipients at risk for late allograft rejection related to non-adherence. Pediatr Transplant 12(1):67–72. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3046.2007.00794.x

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Stuber ML, Shemesh E, Seacord D, Washington J 3rd, Hellemann G, McDiarmid S (2008) Evaluating non-adherence to immunosuppressant medications in pediatric liver transplant recipients. Pediatr Transplant 12(3):284–288. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3046.2008.00923.x

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hsiau M, Fernandez HE, Gjertson D, Ettenger RB, Tsai EW (2011) Monitoring Nonadherence and Acute Rejection With Variation in Blood Immunosuppressant Levels in Pediatric Renal Transplantation. Transplantation 92(8):918–22. https://doi.org/10.1097/TP.0b013e31822dc34f

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sapir-Pichhadze R, Wang Y, Famure O, Li Y, Kim SJ (2014) Time-dependent variability in tacrolimus trough blood levels is a risk factor for late kidney transplant failure. Kidney Int 85(6):1404–1411. https://doi.org/10.1038/ki.2013.465

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Christina S, Annunziato RA, Schiano TD, Anand R, Vaidya S, Chuang K, Zack Y, Florman S, Shneider BL, Shemesh E (2014) Medication level variability index predicts rejection, possibly due to nonadherence, in adult liver transplant recipients. Liver Transpl 20(10):1168–1177. https://doi.org/10.1002/lt.23930

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

McGuire BM, Rosenthal P, Brown CC, Busch AM, Calcatera SM, Claria RS, Hunt NK, Korenblat KM, Mazariegos GV, Moonka D, Orloff SL, Perry DK, Rosen CB, Scott DL, Sudan DL, American Society of T (2009) Long-term management of the liver transplant patient: recommendations for the primary care doctor. Am J Transplant Off J Am Soc Transplant Am Soc Transplant Surg 9(9):1988–2003. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-6143.2009.02733.x

Del Bello A, Congy-Jolivet N, Danjoux M, Muscari F, Lavayssière L, Esposito L, Hebral AL, Bellière J, Kamar N (2018) High tacrolimus intra-patient variability is associated with graft rejection, and de novo donor-specific antibodies occurrence after liver transplantation. World J Gastroenterol 24(16):1795–1802. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v24.i16.1795

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar