*Health, Homelessness, and Criminal Justice Lab, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, Minneapolis, MN

†Division of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN

‡Department of Health Policy and Administration, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA

§Consortium on Substance Use and Addiction, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA

∥Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT

¶SEICHE Center for Health and Justice, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT

#Program in Addiction Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT

**Department of Human Development and Family Studies, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA

††Department of Emergency Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY

‡‡National Clinician Scholars Program, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA

§§Department of General Internal Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA

∥∥Department of Anesthesia Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA

¶¶Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, Hennepin Healthcare, Minneapolis, MN

R.D.S. was supported by NIH MSTP grant T32 GM008244.

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Correspondence to: Riley D. Shearer, MSc, Division of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455. E-mail: [email protected].

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