ESCAP. Asia-Pacific report on population ageing 2022: trends, policies and good practices regarding older persons and population ageing. Accessed 17th August 2023. 2022 [Available from: https://www.unescap.org/kp/2022/asia-pacific-report-population-ageing-2022-trends-policies-and-good-practices-regarding.

Beard JR, Officer A, de Carvalho IA, Sadana R, Pot AM, Michel JP, et al. The World report on ageing and health: a policy framework for healthy ageing. Lancet. 2016;387(10033):2145–54.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Banerjee A, Sadana R. Integrated Care For Older People (ICOPE): From Guidelines To Demonstrating Feasibility. The Journal of Frailty & Aging. 2021;10(2):84–5.

Google Scholar 

Decade Of Healthy Ageing 2020–2030. World Health Organisation. 2020.

Belloni G, Cesari M. Frailty and Intrinsic Capacity: Two Distinct but Related Constructs. Front Med (Lausanne). 2019;6:133.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Beard JR, Si Y, Liu Z, Chenoweth L, Hanewald K. Intrinsic Capacity: Validation of a New WHO Concept for Healthy Aging in a Longitudinal Chinese Study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2022;77(1):94–100.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

González-Bautista E, de Souto Barreto P, Andrieu S, Rolland Y, Vellas B. Screening for intrinsic capacity impairments as markers of increased risk of frailty and disability in the context of integrated care for older people: Secondary analysis of MAPT. Maturitas. 2021;150:1–6.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yu R, Lai ETC, Leung G, Ho SC, Woo J. Intrinsic capacity and 10-year mortality: Findings from a cohort of older people. Experimental Gerontology. 2022;167:111926.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Aliberti MJR, Bertola L, Szlejf C, Oliveira D, Piovezan RD, Cesari M, et al. Validating intrinsic capacity to measure healthy aging in an upper middle-income country: Findings from the ELSI-Brazil. The Lancet Regional Health - Americas. 2022;12:100284.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ramírez-Vélez R, Iriarte-Fernández M, Santafé G, Malanda A, Beard JR, Garcia-Hermoso A, et al. Association of intrinsic capacity with incidence and mortality of cardiovascular disease: Prospective study in UK Biobank. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2023.

Yu R, Leung G, Leung J, Cheng C, Kong S, Tam LY, et al. Prevalence and Distribution of Intrinsic Capacity and Its Associations with Health Outcomes in Older People: The Jockey Club Community eHealth Care Project in Hong Kong. The Journal of Frailty & Aging. 2022;11(3):302–8.

Google Scholar 

Dent E, Morley JE, Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Woodhouse L, Rodriguez-Manas L, Fried LP, et al. Physical Frailty: ICFSR International Clinical Practice Guidelines for Identification and Management. J Nutr Health Aging. 2019;23(9):771–87.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Collard RM, Boter H, Schoevers RA, Oude Voshaar RC. Prevalence of frailty in community-dwelling older persons: a systematic review. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2012;60(8):1487–92.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Merchant RA, Chen MZ, Tan LWL, Lim MY, Ho HK, van Dam RM. Singapore Healthy Older People Everyday (HOPE) Study: Prevalence of Frailty and Associated Factors in Older Adults. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2017.

Liu S, Kang L, Liu X, Zhao S, Wang X, Li J, et al. Trajectory and Correlation of Intrinsic Capacity and Frailty in a Beijing Elderly Community. Front Med (Lausanne). 2021;8:751586.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jia S, Zhao W, Ge M, Xia X, Hu F, Hao Q, et al. Associations between transitions of intrinsic capacity and frailty status, and 3-year disability. BMC Geriatr. 2023;23(1):96.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chhetri JK, Xue QL, Ma L, Chan P, Varadhan R. Intrinsic Capacity as a Determinant of Physical Resilience in Older Adults. J Nutr Health Aging. 2021;25(8):1006–11.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Yu R, Tong C, Ho F, Woo J. Effects of a Multicomponent Frailty Prevention Program in Prefrail Community-Dwelling Older Persons: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2020;21(2):294 e1- e10.

Article  Google Scholar 

Merchant RA, Tsoi CT, Tan WM, Lau W, Sandrasageran S, Arai H. Community-Based Peer-Led Intervention for Healthy Ageing and Evaluation of the ‘HAPPY’ Program. J Nutr Health Aging. 2021;25(4):520–7.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Meng LC, Huang ST, Peng LN, Chen LK, Hsiao FY. Biological Features of the Outcome-Based Intrinsic Capacity Composite Scores From a Population-Based Cohort Study: Pas de Deux of Biological and Functional Aging. Front Med (Lausanne). 2022;9:851882.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tay L, Tay EL, Mah SM, Latib A, Koh C, Ng YS. Association of Intrinsic Capacity with Frailty, Physical Fitness and Adverse Health Outcomes in Community-Dwelling Older Adults. J Frailty Aging. 2023;12(1):7–15.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lu WH, González-Bautista E, Guyonnet S, Martinez LO, Lucas A, Parini A, et al. Investigating three ways of measuring the intrinsic capacity domain of vitality: nutritional status, handgrip strength and ageing biomarkers. Age Ageing. 2023;52(7).

Google Scholar 

Yu R, Tong C, Woo J. Effect of an integrated care model for pre-frail and frail older people living in community. Age and Ageing. 2020;49(6):1048–55.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Liang CK, Lee WJ, Hwang AC, Lin CS, Chou MY, Peng LN, et al. Efficacy of Multidomain Intervention Against Physio-cognitive Decline Syndrome: A Cluster-randomized Trial. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2021;95:104392.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bevilacqua R, Soraci L, Stara V, Riccardi GR, Corsonello A, Pelliccioni G, et al. A systematic review of multidomain and lifestyle interventions to support the intrinsic capacity of the older population. Front Med (Lausanne). 2022;9:929261.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Morley JE, Malmstrom TK, Miller DK. A simple frailty questionnaire (FRAIL) predicts outcomes in middle aged African Americans. J Nutr Health Aging. 2012;16(7):601–8.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tan LF, Chan YH, Seetharaman S, Denishkrshna A, Au L, Kwek SC, et al. Impact of Exercise and Cognitive Stimulation Therapy on Physical Function, Cognition and Muscle Mass in Pre-Frail Older Adults in the Primary Care Setting: A Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial. J Nutr Health Aging. 2023;27(6):438–47.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Aimee Spector BW, Charlote R.Stoner, Martin Orrell. Making a difference 1: An evidence-based group programme to offer Cognitive Stimulation Therapy (CST) to people living with dementia. 2020.

Chen LK, Woo J, Assantachai P, Auyeung TW, Chou MY, Iijima K, et al. Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia: 2019 Consensus Update on Sarcopenia Diagnosis and Treatment. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2020.

Kaiser MJ, Bauer JM, Ramsch C, Uter W, Guigoz Y, Cederholm T, et al. Validation of the Mini Nutritional Assessment short-form (MNA-SF): a practical tool for identification of nutritional status. J Nutr Health Aging. 2009;13(9):782–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dong Y, Lee WY, Basri NA, Collinson SL, Merchant RA, Venketasubramanian N, et al. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment is superior to the Mini-Mental State Examination in detecting patients at higher risk of dementia. International psychogeriatrics. 2012;24(11):1749–55.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dias F, Teixeira AL, Guimarães HC, Barbosa MT, Resende EPF, Beato RG, et al. Accuracy of the 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15) in a community-dwelling oldest-old sample: the Pietà Study. Trends in psychiatiy and psychotherapy. 2017;39(4):276–9.

Article  Google Scholar 

Vartiainen P, Mäntyselkä P, Heiskanen T, Hagelberg N, Mustola S, Forssell H, et al. Validation of EQ-5D and 15D in the assessment of health-related quality of life in chronic pain. 2017;158(8):1577–85.

Topolski TD, LoGerfo J, Patrick DL, Williams B, Walwick J, Patrick MB. The Rapid Assessment of Physical Activity (RAPA) among older adults. Preventing chronic disease. 2006;3(4):A118.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wallace M, Shelkey M. Katz Index of Independence in Activities of Daily Living (ADL). Urol Nurs. 2007;27(1):93–4.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lawton MP, Brody EM. Assessment of older people: self-maintaining and instrumental activities of daily living. The Gerontologist. 1969;9(3):179–86.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chen LK, Woo J, Assantachai P, Auyeung TW, Chou MY, Iijima K, et al. Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia: 2019 Consensus Update on Sarcopenia Diagnosis and Treatment. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association. 2020;21(3):300–7.e2.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sánchez-Sánchez JL, de Souto Barreto P, Antón-Rodrigo I, Ramón-Espinoza F, Marín-Epelde I, Sánchez-Latorre M, et al. Effects of a 12-week Vivifrail exercise program on intrinsic capacity among frail cognitively impaired community-dwelling older adults: secondary analysis of a multicentre randomised clinical trial. Age Ageing. 2022;51(12).

Google Scholar 

Huang CH, Umegaki H, Makino T, Uemura K, Hayashi T, Kitada T, et al. Effect of Various Exercises on Intrinsic Capacity in Older Adults With Subjective Cognitive Concerns. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2021;22(4):780–6.e2.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kolli A, Mozaffarian RS, Kenney EL. Food Insecurity and Vision Impairment Among Adults Age 50 and Older in the United States. American Journal of Ophthalmology. 2022;236:69–78.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Martinez-Amezcua P, Suen JJ, Lin F, Schrack JA, Deal JA. Hearing impairment and objectively measured physical activity: A systematic review. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2022;70(1):301–4.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Liljas AEM, Carvalho LA, Papachristou E, De Oliveira C, Wannamethee SG, Ramsay SE, et al. Self-reported vision impairment and incident prefrailty and frailty in English community-dwelling older adults: findings from a 4-year follow-up study. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2017;71(11):1053–8.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Swenor BK, Lee MJ, Varadaraj V, Whitson HE, Ramulu PY. Aging With Vision Loss: A Framework for Assessing the Impact of Visual Impairment on Older Adults. Gerontologist. 2020;60(6):989–95.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Causes of blindness and vision impairment in 2020 and trends over 30 years, and prevalence of avoidable blindness in relation to VISION 2020: the Right to Sight: an analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study. Lancet Glob Health. 2021;9(2):e144–e60.

Yeo BSY, Song H, Toh EMS, Ng LS, Ho CSH, Ho R, et al. Association of Hearing Aids and Cochlear Implants With Cognitive Decline and Dementia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Neurol. 2023;80(2):134–41.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tian R, Almeida OP, Jayakody DMP, Ford AH. Association between hearing loss and frailty: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Geriatrics. 2021;21(1):333.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Aguirre E, Woods RT, Spector A, Orrell M. Cognitive stimulation for dementia: a systematic review of the evidence of effectiveness from randomised controlled trials. Ageing Res Rev. 2013;12(1):253–62.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Blancafort Alias S, Cuevas-Lara C, Martínez-Velilla N, Zambom-Ferraresi F, Soto ME, Tavassoli N, et al. A Multi-Domain Group-Based Intervention to Promote Physical Activity, Hea