Chow LQ. Head and neck cancer. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(1):60–72.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Barsouk A, Aluru JS, Rawla P, Saginala K, Barsouk A. Epidemiology, risk factors, and prevention of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Med Sci (Basel). 2023;11(2):42.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Global Cancer Observatory. 2020. https://gco.iarc.fr.

Huang G, Pan ST. ROS-mediated therapeutic strategy in chemo-/radiotherapy of head and neck cancer. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2020;2020:5047987.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bottoni P, Scatena R. The role of CA 125 as tumor marker: biochemical and clinical aspects. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2015;867:229–44.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Noman AS, Parag RR, Rashid MI, Rahman MZ, Chowdhury AA, Sultana A, et al. Widespread expression of Sonic hedgehog (Shh) and Nrf2 in patients treated with cisplatin predicts outcomes in resected tumors and are potential therapeutic targets for HPV-negative head and neck cancer. Ther Adv Med Oncol. 2020;12:1758835920911229.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kelly RJ, Ansari AM, Miyashita T, Zahurak M, Lay F, Ahmed AK, et al. Targeting the Hedgehog pathway using itraconazole to prevent progression of Barrett’s esophagus to invasive esophageal adenocarcinoma. Ann Surg. 2021;273(6):e206–13.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Iriana S, Asha K, Repak M, Sharma-Walia N. Hedgehog signaling: implications in cancers and viral infections. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(3):1042.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kumar V, Vashishta M, Kong L, Wu X, Lu JJ, Guha C, Dwarakanath BS. The role of notch, hedgehog, and Wnt signaling pathways in the resistance of tumors to anticancer therapies. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2021;9:650772.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Flemban A, Qualtrough D. The potential role of hedgehog signaling in the luminal/basal phenotype of breast epithelia and breast cancer invasion and metastasis. Cancers. 2015;7(3):1863–84.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Telkoparan-Akillilar P, Panieri E, Cevik D, Suzen S, Saso L. Therapeutic targeting of the NRF2 signaling pathway in cancer. Molecules. 2021;26(5):1417.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Namani A, Matiur Rahaman M, Chen M, Tang X. Gene-expression signature regulated by the KEAP1-NRF2-CUL3 axis is associated with a poor prognosis in head and neck squamous cell cancer. BMC Cancer. 2018;18(1):46.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zhou J, Ding J, Ma X, Zhang M, Huo Z, Yao Y, et al. The Nrf2/KEAP1 pathway modulates nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell radiosensitivity via ROS elimination. Onco Targets Ther. 2020;13:9113–22.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lianidou ES, Mavroudis D, Georgoulias V. Clinical challenges in the molecular characterization of circulating tumour cells in breast cancer. Br J Cancer. 2013;108(12):2426–32.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lianidou ES, Strati A, Markou A. Circulating tumor cells as promising novel biomarkers in solid cancers. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci. 2014;51(3):160–71.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ahmed S, Bharde A, Hossain MM, Parial R, Nayeema NJ, Das M, et al. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) detection and isolation in different subtypes of early-stage breast cancer patients from Bangladesh. J Clin Oncol. 2023;41(16_suppl):e12529.

Article  Google Scholar 

Spector ME, Farlow JL, Haring CT, Brenner JC, Birkeland AC. The potential for liquid biopsies in head and neck cancer. Discov Med. 2018;25(139):251–7.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Habli Z, AlChamaa W, Saab R, Kadara H, Khraiche ML. Circulating tumor cell detection technologies and clinical utility: challenges and opportunities. Cancers. 2022;12(7):1930.

Article  Google Scholar 

Jethwa AR, Khariwala SS. Tobacco-related carcinogenesis in head and neck cancer. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 2017;36(3):411–23.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Qayyumi B, Bharde A, Aland G, D’Souza A, Jayant S, Singh N, et al. Circulating tumor cells as a predictor for poor prognostic factors and overall survival in treatment naïve oral squamous cell carcinoma patients. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2022;134(1):73–83.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gasparoni LM, Alves FA, Holzhausen M, Pannuti CM, Serpa MS. Periodontitis as a risk factor for head and neck cancer. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2021;26(4):e430–6.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zolkind P, Lee JJ, Jackson RS, Pipkorn P, Massa ST. Untreated head and neck cancer: Natural history and associated factors. Head Neck. 2021;43(1):89–97.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Canning M, Guo G, Yu M, Myint C, Groves MW, Byrd JK, et al. Heterogeneity of the head and neck squamous cell carcinoma immune landscape and its impact on immunotherapy. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2019;7:52.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Yu M, Stott S, Toner M, Maheswaran S, Haber DA. Circulating tumor cells: approaches to isolation and characterization. J Cell Biol. 2011;192(3):373–82.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Plaks V, Koopman CD, Werb Z. Cancer. Circulating tumor cells. Science. 2013;341(6151):1186–8.

Article  ADS  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chalfin HJ, Pramparo T, Mortazavi A, Niglio SA, Schonhoft JD, Jendrisak A, et al. Circulating tumor cell subtypes and T-cell populations as prognostic biomarkers to combination immunotherapy in patients with metastatic genitourinary cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2021;27(5):1391–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wu XL, Tu Q, Faure G, Gallet P, Kohler C, Bittencourt MD. Diagnostic and prognostic value of circulating tumor cells in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep. 2017;6(1):1–9.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Hernandez BY, Zhu X, Goodman MT, Gatewood R, Mendiola P, Quinata K, et al. Betel nut chewing, oral premalignant lesions, and the oral microbiome. PLoS One. 2017;12(2):e0172196.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Alotaibi M, Valova V, Hänsel T, Stromberger C, Kofla G, Olze H, et al. Impact of smoking on the survival of patients with high-risk HPV-positive HNSCC: A Meta-analysis. In Vivo. 2021;35(2):1017–26.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Su YY, Chien CY, Luo SD, Huang TL, Lin WC, Fang FM, et al. Betel nut chewing history is an independent prognosticator for smoking patients with locally advanced stage IV head and neck squamous cell carcinoma receiving induction chemotherapy with docetaxel, cisplatin, and fluorouracil. World J Surg Oncol. 2016;14(1):1–9.

Article  Google Scholar 

Johnson DE, Burtness B, Leemans CR, Lui VW, Bauman JE, Grandis JR. Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2020;6:92.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Buglione M, Cavagnini R, Di Rosario F, Sottocornola L, Maddalo M, Vassalli L, et al. Oral toxicity management in head and neck cancer patients treated with chemotherapy and radiation: dental pathologies and osteoradionecrosis (Part 1) literature review and consensus statement. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2016;97:131–42.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gröbe A, Blessmann M, Hanken H, Friedrich RE, Schön G, Wikner J, Effenberger KE, Kluwe L, Heiland M, Pantel K, Riethdorf S. Prognostic relevance of circulating tumor cells in blood and disseminated tumor cells in bone marrow of patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity. Clin Cancer Res. 2014;20(2):425–33.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hsieh JC, Lin HC, Huang CY, Hsu HL, Wu TM, Lee CL, et al. Prognostic value of circulating tumor cells with podoplanin expression in patients with locally advanced or metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Head Neck. 2015;37(10):1448–55.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

McMullen KP, Chalmers JJ, Lang JC, Kumar P, Jatana KR. Circulating tumor cells in head and neck cancer: a review. World J Otorhinolaryngology Head Neck Surg. 2016;2(02):109–16.

Article  Google Scholar 

Borsetto D, Polesel J, Tirelli G, Menegaldo A, Baggio V, Gava A, et al. Pretreatment high MCV as an adverse prognostic marker in nonanemic patients with head and neck cancer. Laryngoscope. 2021;131(3):E836–45.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Szczerba BM, Castro-Giner F, Vetter M, Krol I, Gkountela S, Landin J, et al. Neutrophils escort circulating tumour cells to enable cell cycle progression. Nature. 2019;566:553–7.

Article  ADS  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhang X, Wang Y, Gari A, Qu C, Chen J. Pan-cancer analysis of PARP1 alterations as biomarkers in the prediction of immunotherapeutic effects and the association of its expression levels and immunotherapy signatures. Front Immunol. 2021;12:721030.