Ethics approval

All procedures performed in this study were in accordance with local and/or national regulations and with the Declaration of Helsinki. The study protocol was approved by the institutional review board or independent ethics committee at each site.

Consent

Informed consent was obtained from all patients included in the study.

Competing interests

Andrew J. Armstrong: Research support (to Duke) from Astellas, Pfizer, Bayer, Janssen, Dendreon, Genentech/Roche, Bristol Myers Squibb, AstraZeneca, Merck, Forma, Celgene, and Amgen. Consulting or advising relationships with Astellas, Epic Sciences, Pfizer, Bayer, Janssen, Dendreon, Bristol Myers Squibb, AstraZeneca, Merck, Forma, Celgene, Clovis, Exact Sciences, Myovant, Exelixis, Point Biopharma, Medscape CME, OncLive, and Research to Practice. Ravit Geva: Options: Pyxis. Medical Lead: Pyxis. Honoraria: Roche, Merck Sharp and Dohme LLC, a subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA, Medison, Janssen, Pfizer, and Bristol Myers Squibb. Consulting and Advisory: Eisai, AstraZeneca, Roche, Ranium, Johnson & Johnson, Bayer, Merck Sharp and Dohme LLC, a subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA, and Oncotest. Travel, Accommodations, Expenses: Takeda and Medison. Hyun Cheol Chung: Grants/Research Support: Lilly, GSK, Merck Sharp and Dohme LLC, a subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA, Merck-Serono, Bristol Myers Squibb/Ono, Taiho, Amgen, BeiGene, Incyte, and Zymeworks. Honoraria: Merck-Serono and Lilly. Consultation: Taiho, Celltrion, Merck Sharp and Dohme LLC, a subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA, Lilly, Bristol Myers Squibb, Merck-Serono, Gloria, BeiGene, Amgen, and Zymeworks. Charlotte Lemech: No competing interests to disclose. Wilson H. Miller Jr.: Grants Support: Merck, CIHR, CRS, Terry Fox Research Institute, Samuel Waxman Cancer Research Foundation, and CCSRI. Participated in clinical trials within the past 2 years: Bristol Myers Squibb, Novartis, GSK, Roche, AstraZeneca, Methylgene, MedImmune, Bayer, Amgen, Merck, Incyte, Pfizer, Sanofi, Array, MiMic, Ocellaris Pharma, Astellas, Alkermes, Exelixis, VelosBio, and Genentech. Consulting/Honoraria: Merck, Bristol Myers Squibb, Roche, GSK, Novartis, Amgen, Mylan, EMD Serono, and Sanofi. Aaron R. Hansen: Research: Merck Sharp and Dohme LLC, a subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA, GSK, Bristol Myers Squibb, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, Genentech, Boehringer Ingelheim, Tyra Biosciences, Neoleukin Therapeutics, Astellas, Point Biopharma, and AstraZeneca. Consulting: Pfizer, Merck, and GSK. Jong-Seok Lee: No competing interests to disclose. Frank Tsai: No competing interests to disclose. Benjamin J. Solomon: Advisory Boards/Honoraria: Merck Sharp and Dohme LLC, a subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA, AstraZeneca, Pfizer, Novartis, Takeda, Bristol Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Novartis, Amgen, BeiGene, and Roche. Tae Min Kim: Received honoraria from or played an advisory role with AstraZeneca, Boryung, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd/Genentech, Inc., IMBDx, Inc., Janssen, Novartis, Regeneron, Samsung Bioepis, Sanofi, Takeda, and Yuhan, and has received research funding outside this work from AstraZeneca-Korea Health Industry Development Institute. Christian Rolfo: Consulting fees: Archer, Inivata, Bristol Myers Squibb, Novartis, Boston Pharmaceuticals, EMD Serono, Pfizer, Mirati, Eisai, Daiichi Sankyo, Sanofi Genzyme-Regeneron, Blueprint Medicines, CEA, Bayer U.C. LLC, General Dynamics, MedStar, Diverse HealthHub, Merck, MH Live Events, Janssen Scientific Affairs, EMD, Amgen, LUNGevity, Postgraduate Institute of Medicine, ACC Med, GME, Nadirex, ASCO Plenary Series, Imagene, HMP Education, Medical Educator Consortium, Thermo Fisher Scientific, and AbbVie. Research grant: LCRF-Pfizer. Ownership interest: Novartis. Fees for non-CME/CE services: AstraZeneca, Roche, Guardant Health, Merck Sharp and Dohme LLC, a subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA, COR2ED, Physicians Education Resource, LLC, Intellisphere, LLC, and Boehringer Ingelheim. Participation on a Data Safety Monitoring Board: EMD Serono. President: ISLB. Chair Educational Committee: IASLC. Scientific Board Member: ESO. Faculty Lung Cancer Advanced Editor in Chief: CROH. Associate Editor: ESMO Open. Vincent Giranda: former employee of Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC, a subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA, and stockholder in Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA. Yixin Ren, Fang Liu, Bhargava Kandala, and Tomoko Freshwater: employees of Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC, a subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA, and stockholders in Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA. Judy S. Wang: Consulting/Advisory: Janssen Research & Development, Stemline Therapeutics, Kanaph Therapeutics, and Fusion Pharmaceuticals. Speakers’ Bureau: AstraZeneca and Eisai. Research Funding (to institution): AstraZeneca, Bicycle Therapeutics, BioNTech, Boehringer Ingelheim, Celgene, cyteir, Daiichi Sankyo, Genentech/Roche, GlaxoSmithKline, H3 Biomedicine, Hutchison MediPharma, Jacobio, Janssen Research & Development, Klus Pharma, Kymab, Loxo, LSK BioPharma, Macrogenics, Merck, Moderna Therapeutics, Phoenix Pharmaceuticals, Prelude Therapeutics, QiLu Pharmaceutical, Revolution Medicines, Ribon Therapeutics, Syndax, Taiho Pharmaceutical, Tesaro, TopAlliance BioSciences Inc, Xencor, Artios, Erasca, Inc, Immunogen, Cullinan Oncology, Immune-Onc Therapeutics, Bayer Health, Biosplice, Zymeworks, BioTheryX, TeneoBio, Nurix, IgM Biosciences, PureTech, Forty Seven, Treadwell Therapeutics, MabSpace Biosciences, Novartis, Olema Oncology, Seven and Eight Biopharmaceuticals, ORIC Pharmaceuticals, Relay Therapeutics, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Adagene, NGM Biopharmaceuticals, Agenus, Metabomed, BeiGene, Astellas Pharma, Blueprint Medicines, and Hotspot Therapeutics.