Arnardottir ES, Mackiewicz M, Gislason T, et al. Molecular signatures of obstructive sleep apnea in adults: a review and perspective. Sleep. 2009;32:447–70.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Libby P. Inflammation in atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2012;32:2045–51.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Arnardottir ES, Maislin G, Schwab RJ, et al. The interaction of obstructive sleep apnea and obesity on the inflammatory markers C-reactive protein and interleukin-6: the icelandic sleep Apnea Cohort. Sleep. 2012;35:921–32.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Jin F, Liu J, Zhang X, et al. Effect of continuous positive airway pressure therapy on inflammatory cytokines and atherosclerosis in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Mol Med Rep. 2017;16:6334–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Myers J, Kaykha A, George S, et al. Fitness versus physical activity patterns in predicting mortality in men. Am J Med. 2004;117:912–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hu FB, Willett WC, Li T, et al. Adiposity as compared with physical activity in predicting mortality among women. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:2694–703.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dobrosielski DA. How can exercise reduce cardiovascular disease risk? A primer for the clinician. Pol Arch Intern Med. 2021; 131:

Lavie CJ, Ozemek C, Carbone S, et al. Sedentary Behavior, Exercise, and Cardiovascular Health. Circ Res. 2019;124:799–815.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Schumacher A, Peersen K, Sommervoll L, et al. Physical performance is associated with markers of vascular inflammation in patients with coronary heart disease. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2006;13:356–62.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Adamopoulos S, Parissis J, Kroupis C, et al. Physical training reduces peripheral markers of inflammation in patients with chronic heart failure. Eur Heart J. 2001;22:791–7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lee BC, Hsu HC, Tseng WY, et al. Effect of cardiac rehabilitation on angiogenic cytokines in postinfarction patients. Heart. 2009;95:1012–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Epstein LJ, Kristo D, Strollo PJ Jr, et al. Clinical guideline for the evaluation, management and long-term care of obstructive sleep apnea in adults. J Clin Sleep Med. 2009;5:263–76.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mendelson M, Lyons OD, Yadollahi A, et al. Effects of exercise training on sleep apnoea in patients with coronary artery disease: a randomised trial. Eur Respir J. 2016;48:142–50.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Borges YG, Cipriano LHC, Aires R, et al. Oxidative stress and inflammatory profiles in obstructive sleep apnea: are short-term CPAP or aerobic exercise therapies effective? Sleep Breath. 2020;24:541–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Borel AL, Leblanc X, Almeras N, et al. Sleep apnoea attenuates the effects of a lifestyle intervention programme in men with visceral obesity. Thorax. 2012;67:735–41.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Libby P. Inflammation in atherosclerosis. Nature. 2002;420:868–74.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Palmefors H, DuttaRoy S, Rundqvist B, Borjesson M. The effect of physical activity or exercise on key biomarkers in atherosclerosis–a systematic review. Atherosclerosis. 2014;235:150–61.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dobrosielski DA, Kubitz K, Park H, et al. The effects of exercise training on vascular function among overweight adults with obstructive sleep apnea. Transl Sports Med. 2021;4:606–16.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tanaka H, Monahan KD, Seals DR. Age-predicted maximal heart rate revisited. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001;37:153–6.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Peppard PE, Young T, Palta M, Skatrud J. Prospective study of the association between sleep-disordered breathing and hypertension. N Engl J Med. 2000;342:1378–84.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hla KM, Young T, Hagen EW, et al. Coronary heart disease incidence in sleep disordered breathing: the wisconsin sleep cohort study. Sleep. 2015;38:677–84.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Arzt M, Young T, Finn L, et al. Association of sleep-disordered breathing and the occurrence of stroke. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2005;172:1447–51.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Rose GL, Skinner TL, Mielke GI, Schaumberg MA. The effect of exercise intensity on chronic inflammation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Sci Med Sport. 2021;24:345–51.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Karstoft K, Clark MA, Jakobsen I, et al. The effects of 2 weeks of interval vs continuous walking training on glycaemic control and whole-body oxidative stress in individuals with type 2 diabetes: a controlled, randomised, crossover trial. Diabetologia. 2017;60:508–17.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dunnwald T, Melmer A, Gatterer H, et al. Supervised short-term high-intensity training on plasma irisin concentrations in type 2 diabetic patients. Int J Sports Med. 2019;40:158–64.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fedewa MV, Hathaway ED, Higgins S, et al. Moderate, but not vigorous, intensity exercise training reduces C-reactive protein. Acta Cardiol. 2018;73:283–90.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Iikuni N, Lam QL, Lu L, et al. Leptin and Inflammation. Curr. Immunol Rev. 2008;4:70–9.

Article  Google Scholar 

Chen X, Niu X, Xiao Y, et al. Effect of continuous positive airway pressure on leptin levels in patients with obstructive sleep apnea: a meta-analysis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2015;152:610–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Li X, He J. The association between serum/plasma leptin levels and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: a meta-analysis and meta-regression. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2021;12: 696418.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Malli F, Papaioannou AI, Gourgoulianis KI, Daniil Z. The role of leptin in the respiratory system: an overview. Respir Res. 2010;11:152.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Shapiro SD, Chin CH, Kirkness JP, et al. Leptin and the control of pharyngeal patency during sleep in severe obesity. J Appl Physiol. 1985;2014(116):1334–41.

Google Scholar 

Campo A, Fruhbeck G, Zulueta JJ, et al. Hyperleptinaemia, respiratory drive and hypercapnic response in obese patients. Eur Respir J. 2007;30:223–31.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tatsumi K, Kasahara Y, Kurosu K, et al. Sleep oxygen desaturation and circulating leptin in obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome. Chest. 2005;127:716–21.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ouchi N, Walsh K. Adiponectin as an anti-inflammatory factor. Clin Chim Acta. 2007;380:24–30.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zeng F, Wang X, Hu W, Wang L. Association of adiponectin level and obstructive sleep apnea prevalence in obese subjects. Med (Baltimore). 2017;96: e7784.

Article  Google Scholar 

Yu N, Ruan Y, Gao X, Sun J. Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials on the effect of exercise on serum leptin and adiponectin in overweight and obese individuals. Horm Metab Res. 2017;49:164–73.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fasshauer M, Klein J, Neumann S, et al. Hormonal regulation of adiponectin gene expression in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2002;290:1084–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fasshauer M, Klein J, Neumann S, et al. Adiponectin gene expression is inhibited by beta-adrenergic stimulation via protein kinase a in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. FEBS Lett. 2001;507:142–6.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Song SO, He K, Narla RR, et al. Metabolic consequences of obstructive sleep apnea especially pertaining to diabetes mellitus and insulin sensitivity. Diabetes Metab J. 2019;43:144–55.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Malhotra A, Ayappa I, Ayas N, et al. Metrics of sleep apnea severity: beyond the apnea-hypopnea index. Sleep. 2021; 44:

Kubitz KA, Park H, Patil SP, et al. The effects of an exercise intervention on executive function among overweight adults with obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep Biol Rhythms. 2023;21:185–91.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar