[1]

IDF Diabetes Atlas 2021. IDF Diabetes Atlas Web site. https://diabetesatlas.org/atlas/tenth-edition/ (accessed Mar 24, 2023).

[2] Sinclair A, Saeedi P, Kaundal A, et al. Diabetes and global ageing among 65–99-year-old adults: findings from the International Diabetes Federation Diabetes Atlas, 9th edition. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2020; 162: 108078. doi: 10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108078 [3]

International Diabetes Federation. Clinical practice recommendations for managing type 2 diabetes in primary care. Brussels: IDF, 2017 (ISBN: 978-972-930229-930285-930220).

[4] Gregg EW, Cheng YJ, Saydah S, et al. Trends in death rates among U.S. adults with and without diabetes between 1997 and 2006: findings from the National Health Interview Survey. Diabetes Care 2012; 35: 1252−1257. doi: 10.2337/dc11-1162 [5] Cerf ME. Beta cell dysfunction and insulin resistance. Fr ont Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2013; 4: 37. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2013.00037 [6] American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee. Older adults: standards of medical care in diabetes-2022. Diabetes Care 2022; 45: S195−S207. doi: 10.2337/dc22-S013 [7] Meier M, Hummel M. Cardiovascular disease and intensive glucose control in type 2 diabetes mellitus: moving practice toward evidence-based strategies. Vasc Health Risk Manag 2009; 5: 859−871. doi: 10.2147/vhrm.s4808 [8] Kramer CK, Zinman B. Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors and the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Annu Rev Med 2019; 70: 323−334. doi: 10.1146/annurev-med-042017-094221 [9] Mannucci E. I risultati dello studio LEADER: evidenze attuali e prospettive di ricerca [Results of the LEADER study: current evidence and perspectives in research]. G Ital Cardiol (Rome) 2016; 17: 28S−31S. [In Italian]. doi: 10.1714/2616.26913 [10] American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee. Cardiovascular disease and risk management: standards of medical care in diabetes-2022. Diabetes Care 2022; 45: S144−S174. doi: 10.2337/dc22-S010 [11] Nelson AJ, O’Brien EC, Kaltenbach LA, et al. Use of lipid-, blood pressure-, and glucose-lowering pharmacotherapy in patients with type 2 diabetes and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. JAMA Netw Open 2022; 5: e2148030. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.48030 [12] Costa J, Borges M, David C, et al. Efficacy of lipid lowering drug treatment for diabetic and non-diabetic patients: meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ 2006; 332: 1115−1124. doi: 10.1136/bmj.38793.468449.AE [13] Zinman B, Wanner C, Lachin JM, et al. Empagliflozin, cardiovascular outcomes, and mortality in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2015; 373: 2117−2128. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1504720 [14] Neal B, Perkovic V, Mahaffey KW, et al. Canagliflozin and cardiovascular and renal events in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2017; 377: 644−657. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1611925 [15] Wiviott SD, Raz I, Sabatine MS. Dapagliflozin and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes. Reply. N Engl J Med 2019; 380: 1881−1882. doi: 10.1056/NEJMc1902837 [16] Marso SP, Bain SC, Consoli A, et al. Semaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. N En gl J Med 2016; 375: 1834−1844. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1607141 [17] Marso SP, Daniels GH, Brown-Frandsen K, et al. Liraglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes. N En gl J Med 2016; 375: 311−322. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1603827 [18] Hamid A, Vaduganathan M, Oshunbade AA, et al. Antihyperglycemic therapies with expansions of US Food and Drug Administration indications to reduce cardiovascular events: prescribing patterns within an academic medical center. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2020; 76: 313−320. doi: 10.1097/FJC.0000000000000864 [19] Gómez-Huelgas R, González D, Abadias M, et al. Prescription patterns of antihyperglycemic drugs in elderly patients in Spain: a national cross-sectional study. Rev Clin Esp (Barc) 2020; 220: 155−161. doi: 10.1016/j.rce.2019.05.011 [20] Nam S, Chesla C, Stotts NA, et al. Barriers to diabetes management: patient and provider factors. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2011; 93: 1−9. doi: 10.1016/j.diabres.2011.02.002 [21] Nelson AJ, Ardissino M, Haynes K, et al. Gaps in evidence-based therapy use in insured patients in the United States with type 2 diabetes mellitus and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. J Am Heart Assoc 2021; 10: e016835. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.120.016835 [22] Weng W, Tian Y, Kong SX, et al. The prevalence of cardiovascular disease and antidiabetes treatment characteristics among a large type 2 diabetes population in the United States. Endocrinol Diabetes Metab 2019; 2: e00076. doi: 10.1002/edm2.76 [23]

World Health Organization. Anatomical Chemical Therapeutic Classification System. WHO, 2011.

[24]

Population and housing characteristics in Lebanon, Statistics In Focus (SIF), Beirut, Lebanon. Central Administration of Statistics 2012 Web site. http://www.cas.gov.lb/images/PDFs/SIF/CAS_Population_and_housing_In_Lebanon_SIF2.pdf (accessed Mar 24, 2023).

[25]

Collaborative network to advance deprescribing research for older adults with multiple chronic conditions. National Institutes of Health Office of Extramural Research Web site. https://grants.nih.gov/ grants/guide/rfa-files/RFA-AG-19-005.html (accessed Mar 24, 2023).

[26] Wade DT, Vergis E. The Short Orientation-Memory-Concentration test: a study of its reliability and validity. Clin Re habil 1999; 13: 164−170. doi: 10.1191/026921599673848768 [27] Lee SB, Oh JH, Park JH, et al. Differences in youngest-old, middle-old, and oldest-old patients who visit the emergency department. Clin Exp Emerg Med 2018; 5: 249−255. doi: 10.15441/ceem.17.261 [28] Hall WH, Ramachandran R, Narayan S, et al. An electronic application for rapidly calculating Charlson comorbidity score. BMC Cancer 2004; 4: 94. doi: 10.1186/1471-2407-4-94 [29] Orlando V, Guerriero F, Putignano D, et al. Prescription patterns of antidiabetic treatment in the elderly. Results from southern Italy. Curr Diabetes Rev 2015; 12: 100−106. doi: 10.2174/1573399811666150701120408 [30] Hannan A, Sinha SR, Ganiyani MA, et al. Drug utilization study of antidiabetic drugs in patients attending geriatric outpatient department at a tertiary care hospital. Cur eus 2021; 13: e17555. doi: 10.7759/cureus.17555 [31]

Liu JM, Ge L, Li J, et al. [ACEI/ARB use among high risk patients with coronary heart disease in China: a cross-sectional study]. Zhonghua Xin Xue Guan Bing Za Zhi 2013; 41: 18−22. [In Chinese].

[32] Sleight P. The HOPE (Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation) study. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2000; 1: 18−20. doi: 10.3317/jraas.2000.002 [33] [34] Ngo-Metzger Q, Zuvekas S, Shafer P, et al. Statin use in the U.S. for secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease remains suboptimal. J Am Board Fam Med 2019; 32: 807−817. doi: 10.3122/jabfm.2019.06.180313 [35] Das AK, Saboo B, Unnikrishnan AG. Current practices and gaps in the management of dyslipidemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in accordance with American Diabetes Association (ADA) guidelines: a subset analysis from real-world, cross-sectional observational study (LEADD study). Di abetes Metab Syndr Obes 2021; 14: 2693−2700. doi: 10.2147/DMSO.S294842 [36] Funck KL, Knudsen JS, Hansen TK, et al. Real-world use of cardioprotective glucose-lowering drugs in patients with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease: a Danish nationwide cohort study, 2012 to 2019. Diabetes Obes Metab 2021; 23: 520−529. doi: 10.1111/dom.14245 [37] Liang DL, Li XY, Wang L, et al. [Current status and influence factors of ACEI/ARB application in elderly coronary heart disease outpatients complicated with diabetes mellitus in China]. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi 2016; 96: 2917−2922. [In Chinese]. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0376-2491.2016.36.016