Tan S, Li D, Zhu X. Cancer immunotherapy: pros, cons and beyond. Biomed Pharmacother. 2020;124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2020.109821.

Choi J, Lee SY. Clinical characteristics and treatment of immune-related adverse events of immune checkpoint inhibitors. Immune Netw. 2020;20(1):e9. https://doi.org/10.4110/IN.2020.20.E9.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wolchok JD, Chiarion-Sileni V, Gonzalez R, et al. Overall survival with combined nivolumab and ipilimumab in advanced melanoma. N Engl J Med. 2017;377:1345–56. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMOA1709684.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Patel RP, Parikh R, Gunturu KS, et al. Cardiotoxicity of immune checkpoint inhibitors. 2021;23:79. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11912-021-01070-6.

Article  Google Scholar 

Mahmood SS, Fradley MG, Cohen JV, et al. Myocarditis in patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;71:1755–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JACC.2018.02.037.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

• Zhang L, Awadalla M, Mahmood SS, et al. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance in immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated myocarditis. Eur Heart J. 2020;41:1733–43. https://doi.org/10.1093/EURHEARTJ/EHAA051. This scientific paper represents relevant literature from the last three years on the role of MRI in ICI myocarditis.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lyon AR, Yousaf N, Battisti NML, et al. Immune checkpoint inhibitors and cardiovascular toxicity. Lancet Oncol. 2018;19:e447–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(18)30457-1.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lefebvre B, Kang Y, Smith AM, et al. Cardiovascular effects of CAR T cell therapy: a retrospective study. JACC CardioOncol. 2020;2:193–203. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JACCAO.2020.04.012.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Alvi RM, Frigault MJ, Fradley MG, et al. Cardiovascular events among adults treated with chimeric antigen receptor T-cells (CAR-T). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019;74:3099–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JACC.2019.10.038.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Qi K, Yan Z, Cheng H, et al. An analysis of cardiac disorders associated with chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy in 126 patients: a single-centre retrospective study. Front Oncol. 2021;11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2021.691064.

Palaskas N, Lopez-Mattei J, Durand JB, et al. Immune checkpoint inhibitor myocarditis: pathophysiological characteristics, diagnosis, and treatment. J Am Heart Assoc. 2020;9. https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.119.013757/FORMAT/EPUB.

Suresh A, Martens P, Tang WHW. Biomarkers for myocarditis and inflammatory cardiomyopathy. Curr Heart Fail Rep. 2022;19:346–55. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11897-022-00569-8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Matsuura H, Watanabe N, Shibata Y, Asada Y. Combination of echocardiography and emergency endomyocardial biopsy for suspected myocarditis in the cardiovascular emergency medical care. J Echocardiogr. 2021;19:86–94. https://doi.org/10.1007/S12574-021-00521-0.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Erley J, Beitzen-Heineke A, Tahir E. Cardiooncology-usefulness of cardiac MRI : Inflammation, fibrosis, outcome. Radiologie (Heidelberg, Germany). 2022;62:941–6. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00117-022-01055-X.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Luetkens JA, Petry P, Kuetting D, et al. Left and right ventricular strain in the course of acute myocarditis: a cardiovascular magnetic resonance study. RoFo Fortschr Gebiet Rontgenstrahlen Bildgebenden Verfahren. 2018;190:722–32. https://doi.org/10.1055/a-0585-0271.

Article  Google Scholar 

Luetkens JA, Faron A, Isaak A, et al. Comparison of original and 2018 Lake Louise Criteria for diagnosis of acute myocarditis: results of a validation cohort. Radiol Cardiothorac Imaging. 2019;1(3). https://doi.org/10.1148/ryct.2019190010.

Luetkens JA, Voigt M, Faron A, et al. Influence of hydration status on cardiovascular magnetic resonance myocardial T1 and T2 relaxation time assessment: an intraindividual study in healthy subjects. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2020;22:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/S12968-020-00661-9/FIGURES/5.

Article  Google Scholar 

Luetkens JA, Homsi R, Sprinkart AM, et al. Incremental value of quantitative CMR including parametric mapping for the diagnosis of acute myocarditis. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2016;17:154–61. https://doi.org/10.1093/EHJCI/JEV246.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Luetkens JA, Homsi R, Dabir D, et al. Comprehensive cardiac magnetic resonance for short-term follow-up in acute myocarditis. J Am Heart Assoc. 2016;5:e003603. https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.116.003603.

• Faron A, Isaak A, Mesropyan N, et al. Cardiac MRI depicts immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced myocarditis: a prospective study. Radiology. 2021;301:602–9. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2021210814. This scientific paper represents relevant literature from the last three years on the role of MRI in ICI myocarditis.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Thavendiranathan P, Wintersperger BJ, Flamm SD, Marwick TH. Cardiac MRI in the assessment of cardiac injury and toxicity from cancer chemotherapy: a systematic review. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2013;6:1080–91. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.113.000899.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Geller MA, Cooley S, Argenta PA, et al. Toll-like receptor-7 agonist administered subcutaneously in a prolonged dosing schedule in heavily pretreated recurrent breast, ovarian, and cervix cancers. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2010;59:1877–84. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00262-010-0914-1.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mantarro S, Rossi M, Bonifazi M, et al. Risk of severe cardiotoxicity following treatment with trastuzumab: a meta-analysis of randomized and cohort studies of 29,000 women with breast cancer. Intern Emerg Med. 2016;11:123–40. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11739-015-1362-X/FIGURES/3.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pondé NF, Lambertini M, De Azambuja E. Twenty years of anti-HER2 therapy-associated cardiotoxicity. ESMO Open. 2016;1(4):e000073. https://doi.org/10.1136/ESMOOPEN-2016-000073.

Nicolazzi MA, Carnicelli A, Fuorlo M, et al. Anthracycline and trastuzumab-induced cardiotoxicity in breast cancer. 2018;22(7):2175–2185. https://doi.org/10.26355/eurrev_201804_14752.

Hansel TT, Kropshofer H, Singer T, et al. The safety and side effects of monoclonal antibodies. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2010;9(4):325–38. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrd3003.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Postow MA, Callahan MK, Wolchok JD. Immune checkpoint blockade in cancer therapy. J Clin Oncol. 2015;33:1974. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2014.59.4358.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bagchi S, Yuan R, Engleman EG. Immune checkpoint inhibitors for the treatment of cancer: clinical impact and mechanisms of response and resistance. Annu Rev Pathol. 2021;16:223–49. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-pathol-042020-042741.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Sharma P, Siddiqui BA, Anandhan S, et al. The next decade of immune checkpoint therapy. Cancer Discov. 2021;11:838–57. https://doi.org/10.1158/2159-8290.CD-20-1680.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Varricchi G, Galdiero MR, Marone G, et al. Cardiotoxicity of immune checkpoint inhibitors. ESMO Open. 2017;2(4):e000247. https://doi.org/10.1136/ESMOOPEN-2017-000247.

Cau R, Solinas C, De Silva P, et al. Role of cardiac MRI in the diagnosis of immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated myocarditis. Int J Cancer. 2022;151(11):1860–73. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.34169.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Russo A, Maurea N, Farmakis D, Giordano A. Cardio-oncology: Management of Toxicities in the Era of Immunotherapy. Springer Nature. 2022.

Wang DY, Salem JE, Cohen JV, et al. Fatal toxic effects associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Oncol. 2018;4:1721–8. https://doi.org/10.1001/JAMAONCOL.2018.3923/.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Moslehi J, Salem JE. Immune checkpoint inhibitor myocarditis treatment strategies and future directions. JACC CardioOncol. 2022;4:704–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JACCAO.2022.11.005.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zito C, Manganaro R, Ciappina G, et al. Cardiotoxicity induced by immune checkpoint inhibitors: what a cardio-oncology team should know and do. Cancers (Basel). 2022;2022:5403. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers14215403.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Hu C, Zhao L, Zhou C, et al. Pacemakers and methylprednisolone pulse therapy in immune-related myocarditis concomitant with complete heart block. Open Med (Wars). 2022;17:2109–16. https://doi.org/10.1515/MED-2022-0611.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Li X, Peng W, Wu J, et al. Advances in immune checkpoint inhibitors induced-cardiotoxicity. Front Immunol. 2023;14:1130438. https://doi.org/10.3389/FIMMU.2023.1130438.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Khan NAJ, Pacioles T, Alsharedi M. Atypical Takotsubo cardiomyopathy secondary to combination of chemo-immunotherapy in a patient with non-small cell lung cancer. Cureus. 2020;12(7):e9429. https://doi.org/10.7759/CUREUS.9429.

Airò G, Maffezzoli M, Lazzarin A, et al. Takotsubo syndrome in a patient with metastatic renal cell carcinoma treated with pembrolizumab plus axitinib. Immunotherapy. 2022;14:1297–305. https://doi.org/10.2217/IMT-2022-0013.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Carbone A, Bottino R, Russo V, et al. Takotsubo cardiomyopathy as epiphenomenon of cardiotoxicity in patients with cancer: a meta-summary of case reports. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2021;78:e20–9. https://doi.org/10.1097/FJC.0000000000001026.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ball S, Ghosh RK, Wongsaengsak S, et al. Cardiovascular toxicities of immune checkpoint inhibitors: JACC review topic of the week. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019;74:1714–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JACC.2019.07.079.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lyon AR, López-Fernández T, Couch LS, et al. 2022 ESC Guidelines on cardio-oncology developed in collaboration with the European Hematology Association (EHA), the European Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology (ESTRO) and the International Cardio-Oncology Society (IC-OS). Eur Heart J. 2022;43:4229–361.