Virani SS, Alonso A, Aparicio HJ, Benjamin EJ, Bittencourt MS, Callaway CW, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics – 2021 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2021;143(8):e254–743. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000950.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bozkurt B, Coats AJS, Tsutsui H, Abdelhamid CM, Adamopoulos S, Albert N, et al. Universal definition and classification of heart failure: a report of the Heart Failure Society of America, Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology, Japanese Heart Failure Society and Writing Committee of the Universal Definition of Heart Failure: endorsed by the Canadian Heart Failure Society, Heart Failure Association of India, Cardiac Society of Australia and New Zealand, and Chinese Heart Failure Association. Eur J Heart Fail. 2021;23(3):352–80. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejhf.2115.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Conrad N, Judge A, Tran J, Mohseni H, Hedgecott D, Crespillo AP, et al. Temporal trends and patterns in heart failure incidence: a population-based study of 4 million individuals. Lancet. 2018;391(10120):572–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32520-5.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Almeida AG, Carpenter JP, Cameli M, Donal E, Dweck MR, Flachskampf FA, et al. Multimodality imaging of myocardial viability: an expert consensus document from the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging (EACVI). Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2021;22(8):e97–e125. https://doi.org/10.1093/ehjci/jeab053.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Di Carli MF, Maddahi J, Rokhsar S, Schelbert HR, Bianco-Batlles D, Brunken RC, Fromm B. Long-term survival of patients with coronary artery disease and left ventricular dysfunction: implications for the role of myocardial viability assessment in management decisions. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1998;116(6):997–1004. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5223(98)70052-2.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Beanlands RS, Ruddy TD, deKemp RA, et al. Positron emission tomography and recovery following revascularization (PARR-1): the importance of scar and the development of a prediction rule for the degree of recovery of left ventricular function. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;40(10):1735–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0735-1097(02)02489-0.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Di Carli MF, Asgarzadie F, Schelbert HR, et al. Quantitative relation between myocardial viability and improvement in heart failure symptoms after revascularization in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy. Circulation. 1995;92(12):3436–44. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.92.12.3436.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ling LF, Marwick TH, Flores DR, et al. Identification of therapeutic benefit from revascularization in patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction: inducible ischemia versus hibernating myocardium. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2013;6(3):363–72. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.112.000138.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Panza JA, Ellis AM, Al-Khalidi HR, Holly TA, Berman DS, Oh JK, et al. Myocardial viability and long-term outcomes in ischemic cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med. 2019;381:739–48. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1807365.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Perera D, Clayton T, O’Kane PD, Greenwood JP, Weerackody R, REVIVED-BCIS2 Investigators, et al. Percutaneous revascularization for ischemic left ventricular dysfunction. N Engl J Med. 2022;387(15):1351–60. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2206606.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Babes EE, Tit DM, Bungau AF, Bustea C, Rus M, Bungau SG, et al. Myocardial viability testing in the management of ischemic heart failure. Life (Basel). 2022;12(11):1760. https://doi.org/10.3390/life12111760.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Beanlands RS, Hendry PJ, Masters RG, deKemp RA, Woodend K, Ruddy TD. Delay in revascularization is associated with increased mortality rate in patients with severe left ventricular dysfunction and viable myocardium on fluorine 18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography imaging. Circulation. 1998;98(19 Suppl):II51–6.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Maddahi J, Schelbert H, Brunken R, Di Carli M. Role of thallium-201 and PET imaging in evaluation of myocardial viability and management of patients with coronary artery disease and left ventricular dysfunction. J Nuclear Med. 1994;35(4):707–15.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Schinkel AFL, Bax JJ, Poldermans D, Elhendy A, Ferrari R, Rahimtoola SH. Hibernating myocardium: diagnosis and patient outcomes. Curr Probl Cardiol. 2007;32(7):375–410. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2007.04.001.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bax JJ, Poldermans D, Elhendy A, Boersma E, Rahimtoola SH. Sensitivity, specificity, and predictive accuracies of various noninvasive techniques for detecting hibernating myocardium. Curr Probl Cardiol. 2001;26(2):147–86. https://doi.org/10.1067/mcd.2001.109973.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Murthy VL, Naya M, Foster CR, Hainer J, Gaber M, Di Carli G, et al. Improved cardiac risk assessment with noninvasive measures of coronary flow reserve. Circulation. 2011;124(20):2215–24. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.050427.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bateman TM, Heller GV, McGhie AI, Friedman JD, Case JA, Bryngelson JR, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of rest/stress ECG-gated Rb-82 myocardial perfusion PET: comparison with ECG-gated Tc-99m sestamibi SPECT. J Nucl Cardiol. 2006;13(1):24–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nuclcard.2005.12.004.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kloner RA. Stunned and hibernating myocardium: where are we nearly 4 decades later? J Am Hear Assoc. 2020;9(3):e015502. https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.119.015502.

Article  Google Scholar 

Madsen S, Dias AH, Lauritsen KM, Bouchelouche K, Tolbod LP, Gormsen LC. Myocardial viability testing by positron emission tomography: basic concepts, mini-review of the literature and experience from a tertiary PET center. Semin Nucl Med. 2020;50(3):248–59. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2020.02.010.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chen K, Miller EJ, Sadeghi MM. PET based imaging of ischemic heart disease. PET Clin. 2019;14(2):211–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpet.2018.12.003.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Grönman M, Tarkia M, Stark C, Vähäsilta T, Kibiniemi T, Lubberink M, et al. Assessment of myocardial viability with [15O]water PET: a validation study in experimental myocardial infarction. J Nucl Cardiol. 2021;28(4):1271–80. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12350-019-01818-5.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cleland JGF, Calvert M, Freemantle N, Arrow Y, Ball SG, Bonser RS, et al. The heart failure revascularisation trial (HEART). Eur J Heart Fail. 2011;13(2):227–33. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurjhf/hfq230.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wolff G, Dimitroulis D, Andreotti F, Kołodziejczak M, Jung C, Scicchitano P, et al. Survival benefits of invasive versus conservative strategies in heart failure in patients with reduced ejection fraction and coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis. Circ Heart Fail. 2017;10(1):e003255. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.116.003255.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Velazquez EJ, Lee KL, Jones RH, Al-Khalidi HR, Hill JA, Panza JA, et al. Coronary-artery bypass surgery in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med. 2016;374(16):1511–20. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1602001.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Saltiel J, Lespérance J, Bourassa MG, Castonguay Y, Campeau L, Grondin P. Reversibily of left ventricular dysfunction following aorto-coronary by-pass grafts. Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med. 1970;110(4):739–46. https://doi.org/10.2214/ajr.110.4.739.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Horn HR, Teichholz LE, Cohn PF, Herman MV, Gorlin R. Augmentation of left ventricular contraction pattern in coronary artery disease by an inotropic catecholamine. The epinephrine ventriculogram. Circulation. 1974;49(6):1063–71. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.49.6.1063.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rahimtoola SH. The hibernating myocardium. Am Heart J. 1989;117(1):211–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-8703(89)90685-6.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rahimtoola SH. A perspective on the three large multicenter randomized clinical trials of coronary bypass surgery for chronic stable angina. Circulation. 1985;72(6 Pt 2):V123–235.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Uebleis C, Hellweger S, Laubender RP, et al. The amount of dysfunctional but viable myocardium predicts long-term survival in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy and left ventricular dysfunction. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2013;29(7):1645–53. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10554-013-0254-2.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Allman KC, Shaw LJ, Hachamovitch R, Udelson JE. Myocardial viability testing and impact of revascularization on prognosis in patients with coronary artery disease and left ventricular dysfunction: a meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;39(7):1151–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0735-1097(02)01726-6.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Orlandini A, Castellana N, Pascual A, Botto F, Bahot MC, Chacon C, Diaz ML, Diaz R. Myocardial viability for decision-making concerning revascularization in patients with left ventricular dysfunction and coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis of non-randomized and randomized studies. Int J Cardiol. 2015;182:494–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.01.025.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Inaba Y, Chen JA, Bergmann SR. Quantity of viable myocardium required to improve survival with revascularization in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy: a meta-analysis. J Nucl Cardiol. 2010;17(4):646–54. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12350-010-9226-2.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

McDonagh TA, Metra M, Adamo M, Gardner RS, Baumbach A, Böhm M, et al. 2021 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: developed by the task force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) with the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC. Eur Heart J. 2021;42(36):3599–726. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehab368.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar