Koelle K, Martin MA, Antia R et al (1979) (2022) The changing epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2. Science 375:1116–1121. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abm4915

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Ye Q, Wang B, Mao J (2020) The pathogenesis and treatment of the ‘Cytokine Storm’’ in COVID-19’. J Infect 80:607–613. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.037

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Soleimanian S, Alyasin S, Sepahi N et al (2022) An update on protective effectiveness of immune responses after recovery from COVID-19. Front Immunol 13:1–11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2022.884879

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Rha MS, Shin EC (2021) Activation or exhaustion of CD8+ T cells in patients with COVID-19. Cell Mol Immunol 18:2325–2333. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41423-021-00750-4

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bonifácio LP, Pereira APS, Araújo E, DC de A et al (2020) Are sars-cov-2 reinfection and covid-19 recurrence possible? A case report from Brazil. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 53:1–4. https://doi.org/10.1590/0037-8682-0619-2020

Article  Google Scholar 

Smith DM, Li JZ, Moser C et al (2022) Recurrence of symptoms following a 2-day symptom free period in patients with COVID-19. JAMA Netw Open 5:E2238867. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.38867

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Azam M, Sulistiana R, Ratnawati M et al (2020) Recurrent SARS-CoV-2 RNA positivity after COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep 10:20692. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-77739-y

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Adrielle dos Santos L, de Filho PG, G, Silva AMF et al (2021) Recurrent COVID-19 including evidence of reinfection and enhanced severity in thirty Brazilian healthcare workers. J Infect 82:399–406. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2021.01.020

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

De Castro MV, Santos KS, Apostolico JS et al (2022) Recurrence of COVID-19 associated with reduced T-cell responses in a monozygotic twin pair. Open Biol. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsob.210240

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Dos Santos CA, Bezerra GVB, De Azevedo MARRA et al (2021) SARS-CoV-2 genomic surveillance in Northeast Brazil: timing of emergence of the Brazilian variant of concern P1. J Travel Med 28:1–3. https://doi.org/10.1093/jtm/taab066

Article  Google Scholar 

Tregoning JS, Flight KE, Higham SL et al (2021) Progress of the COVID-19 vaccine effort: viruses, vaccines and variants versus efficacy, effectiveness and escape. Nat Rev Immunol 21:626–636

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Peghin M, De Martino M, Fabris M et al (2021) The fall in antibody response to SARS-CoV-2: a longitudinal study of asymptomatic to critically Ill patients up to 10 months after recovery. J Clin Microbiol. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.01138-21

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Marshall JC, Murthy S, Diaz J et al (2020) A minimal common outcome measure set for COVID-19 clinical research. Lancet Infect Dis 20:e192–e197

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Hønge BL, Petersen MS, Olesen R et al (2017) Optimizing recovery of frozen human peripheral blood mononuclear cells for flow cytometry. PLoS ONE 12:1–17. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0187440

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Bagno FF, Sérgio SAR, Figueiredo MM et al (2022) Development and validation of an enzyme-linked immunoassay kit for diagnosis and surveillance of COVID-19. J Clin Virol Plus. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcvp.2022.100101

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Magalhães LS, Melo EV, Damascena NP et al (2022) Use of N-acetylcysteine as treatment adjuvant regulates immune response in visceral leishmaniasis: pilot clinical trial and in vitro experiments. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 12:1–10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2022.1045668

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Rodrigues LS, Barreto AS, Bomfim LGS et al (2021) Multifunctional, TNF-α and IFN-γ-secreting CD4 and CD8 T cells and CD8 high T cells are associated with the cure of human visceral leishmaniasis. Front Immunol 12:1–20. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.773983

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Roederer M, Nozzi JL, Nason MC (2011) SPICE: exploration and analysis of post-cytometric complex multivariate datasets. Cytometry A 79A:167–174. https://doi.org/10.1002/cyto.a.21015

Article  Google Scholar 

Kumar NP, Moideen K, Nancy A et al (2022) Enhanced SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+ T cell activation and multifunctionality in late convalescent COVID-19 individuals. Viruses 14:1–14. https://doi.org/10.3390/v14030511

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Ahmed SF, Quadeer AA, McKay MR (2022) SARS-CoV-2 T cell responses elicited by COVID-19 vaccines or infection are expected to remain robust against omicron. Viruses 14:4–9. https://doi.org/10.3390/v14010079

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Yang M, Lin C, Wang Y et al (2022) Cytokine storm promoting T cell exhaustion in severe COVID-19 revealed by single cell sequencing data analysis. Precis Clin Med. https://doi.org/10.1093/pcmedi/pbac014

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Jung JH, Rha MS, Sa M et al (2021) SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell memory is sustained in COVID-19 convalescent patients for 10 months with successful development of stem cell-like memory T cells. Nat Commun 12:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-24377-1

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Sekine T, Perez-Potti A, Rivera-Ballesteros O et al (2020) Robust T cell immunity in convalescent individuals with asymptomatic or Mild COVID-19. Cell 183:158-168.e14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2020.08.017

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chvatal-Medina M, Mendez-Cortina Y, Patiño PJ et al (2021) Antibody responses in COVID-19: a review. Front Immunol 12:1–14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.633184

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

van der Ploeg K, Kirosingh AS, Mori DAM et al (2022) TNF-α+ CD4+ T cells dominate the SARS-CoV-2 specific T cell response in COVID-19 outpatients and are associated with durable antibodies. Cell Rep Med 3:100640. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100640

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Justino DCP, Silva DFO, Costa KTDS et al (2022) Prevalence of comorbidities in deceased patients with COVID-19: a systematic review. Medicine (United States) 101:E30246. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000030246

Article  Google Scholar