The Triple Food-borne Protozoan Parasites: Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, Cyclospora cayetanensis—Hope in Transmission Reduction

Fletcher SM, Stark D, Harkness J, Ellis J. Enteric protozoa in the developed world: a public health perspective. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2012;25:420–49. https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.05038-11.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kotloff KL, Nataro JP, Blackwelder WC, Nasrin D, Farag TH, Panchalingam S, et al. Burden and aetiology of diarrhoeal disease in infants and young children in developing countries (the Global Enteric Multicenter Study, GEMS): a prospective, case-control study. Lancet. 2013;382(9888):209–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60844-2.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Platts-Mills JA, Babji S, Bodhidatta L, Gratz J, Haque R, Havt A, MAL-ED Network Investigators, et al. Pathogen-specific burdens of community diarrhoea in developing countries: a multisite birth cohort study (MAL-ED). Lancet Glob Health. 2015;3:e564-75. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(15)00151-5.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Taghipour A, Khazaei S, Ghodsian S, Shajarizadeh M, Olfatifar M, Foroutan M, et al. Global prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. in cats: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Res Vet Sci. 2021;1(137):77–85.

Article  Google Scholar 

Wiser MF. Nutrition and Protozoan pathogens of humans: a primer. In: Humphries DL, Marilyn E. Scott ME, Sten H. Vermund SH, editors. Nutrition and infectious diseases, Shifting the clinical paragdigm (Nutrition and Health) 1st ed. Humana press. Springer Nature, Switzerland AG, 2021

Ryan U, Hijjawi N, Feng Y, Xiao L. Giardia: an under-reported foodborne parasite. Int J Parasitol. 2018;49:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpara.2018.07.003.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ryan U, Hijjawi N, Xiao L. Foodborne cryptosporidiosis. Int J Parasitol. 2018;48:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpara.2017.09.004.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Giangaspero A, Gasser RB. Human cyclosporiasis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2019;19:e226–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(18)30789-8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Julian TR. Environmental transmission of diarrhoeal pathogens in low and middle income countries. Environ Sci Process Impacts. 2016;18:944–55.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ryan U, Lawler S, Reid S. Limiting swimming pool outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis - the roles of regulations, staff, patrons and research. J Water Health. 2017;15:1–16. https://doi.org/10.2166/wh.2016.160.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Abu-Madi M, Boughattas S, Behnke JM, Sharma A, Ismail A. Coproscopy and molecular screening for detection of intestinal protozoa. Parasit Vectors. 2017;10:414. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-017-2346-7.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Taghipour A, Bahadory S, Badri M, Yadegar A, Mirsamadi ES, Mirjalali H, Zali MR. A systematic review and meta-analysis on the co-infection of Helicobacter pylori with intestinal parasites: Public health issue or neglected correlation? Int J Environ Health Res. 2020;32:808–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/09603123.2020.1798890.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sente C, Erume J, Naigaga I, Mulindwa J, Ochwo S, Magambo PK, et al. Prevalence of pathogenic free-living amoeba and other protozoa in natural and communal piped tap water from Queen Elizabeth protected area. Uganda Infect Dis Poverty. 2016;5:68. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40249-016-0162-5.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sponseller JK, Griffiths JK, Tzipori S. The evolution of respiratory Cryptosporidiosis: evidence for transmission by inhalation. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2014;27:575–86. https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00115-13.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gajadhar AA, Allen JR. Factors contributing to the public health and economic importance of waterborne zoonotic parasites. Vet Parasitol. 2004;126:3–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2004.09.009.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bouzid M, Kintz E, Hunter PR. Risk factors for Cryptosporidium infection in low and middle income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2018;12:e0006553. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0006553.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Eslahi AV, Olfatifar M, Karim MR, AbuOdeh R, Modirian E, Houshmand E, et al. Global incidence of helminthic contamination of vegetables, cucurbits and fruits: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Food Control. 2022;133:108582. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108582.

Article  Google Scholar 

Erickson MC, Ortega YR. Inactivation of protozoan parasites in food, water, and environmental systems. J Food Prot. 2006;69:2786–808. https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-69.11.2786.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Utaaker KS, Skjerve E, Robertson LJ. Keeping it cool: Survival of Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts on lettuce leaves. Int J Food Microbiol. 2017;255:51–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.05.009.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fayer R. Effect of high temperature on infectivity of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in water. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1994;60:2732–5. https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.60.8.2732-2735.1994.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Fujino T, Matsui T, Kobayashi F, Haruki K, Yoshino Y, Kajima J, Tsuji M. The effect of heating against Cryptosporidium oocysts. J Vet Med Sci. 2002;64:199–200. https://doi.org/10.1292/jvms.64.199.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ortega YR, Sanchez R. Update on Cyclospora cayetanensis, a food-borne and waterborne parasite. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2010;23:218–34. https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00026-09.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tyzzer EE. A sporozoon found in the peptic glands of the common mouse. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1907;5:1233. https://doi.org/10.3181/00379727-5-5.

Article  Google Scholar 

Nime FA, Burek JD, Page DL, Holscher MA, Yardley JH. Acute enterocolitis in a human being infected with the protozoan Cryptosporidium. Gastroenterol. 1976;70:592–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-5085(76)80503.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

O’Connor RM, Shafflie R, Kang G, Ward HD. Cryptosporidiosis in patients with HIV/AIDS. AIDS. 2011;25:549–60. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0b013e3283437e88.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Centers for Disease Control. Cryptosporidiosis: assessment of chemotherapy of males with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1982;31:589–92.

Google Scholar 

Feng Y, Zhao X, Chen J, Jin W, Zhou X, Li N, et al. Occurrence, source, and human infection potential of Cryptosporidium and Giardia spp. in source and tap water in Shanghai. China Appl Environ Microbiol. 2011;77:3609–16. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.00146-11.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ryan U, Fayer R, Xiao L. Cryptosporidium species in humans and animals: current understanding and research needs. Parasitol. 2014;141:1667–85. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0031182014001085.

Article  Google Scholar 

Ajjampur SS, Liakath FB, Kannan A, Rajendran P, Sarkar R, Moses PD, et al. Multisite study of cryptosporidiosis in children with diarrhoea in India. J Clin Microbiol. 2010;48:2075–81. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.02509-09.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Rodriquez L, Cervantes E, Ortiz R. Malnutrition and gastrointestinal and respiratory infections in children: a public health problem. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2011;8:1174–205. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph8041174.

Article  Google Scholar 

MAL-ED Network Investigators. The MAL-ED study: a multinational and multidisciplinary approach to understand the relationship between enteric pathogens, malnutrition, gut physiology, physical growth, cognitive development and immune responses in infants and children up to 2 years of age in resource poor environments. Clin Infect Dis. 2014;59(Suppl 4):S193-206. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciu653.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Mmbaga BT, Houpt ER. Cryptosporidium and Giardiasis infections in children: a review. Am J Clin Nutr. 2017;64:837–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcl.2017.03.014.

Article  Google Scholar 

Carter BL, Chalmers RM, Davies AP. Health sequelae of human cryptosporidiosis in industrialised countries: a systematic review. Parasites Vectors. 2020;13:443. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-020-04308-7.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mac Kenzie WR, Hoxie NJ, Proctor ME, Gradus MS, Blair KA, Peterson DE, Kazmierczak JJ, Addiss DG, Fox KR, Rose JB, et al. A massive outbreak in Milwaukee of Cryptosporidium infection transmitted through the public water supply. N Engl J Med. 1994;331(3):161–7. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199407213310304.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Karanis P, Kourenti C, Smith H. Waterborne transmission of protozoan parasites: a worldwide review of outbreaks and lessons learnt. J Water Health. 2007;5:1–38. https://doi.org/10.2166/wh.2006.002.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zahedi A, Ryan U. Cryptosporidium-An update with an emphasis on foodborne and waterborne transmission. Res Vet Sci. 2020;132:500–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.08.002.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

•• Badri M, Olfatifar M, Karim MR, Modirian E, Houshmand E, Abdoli A, et al. Global prevalence of intestinal protozoan contamination in vegetables and fruits: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Food Control. 2022;133:108656. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108656. This study provides a comprehensive global summary of the magnitude of foodborne protozoan parasites in fresh produce.

Article  Google Scholar 

FAO/WHO. Multicriteria-based ranking for risk management of foodborne parasites.Report of a Joint FAO/WHO Expert Meeting, 3–7 September 2012 FAO Headquarters, Rome, Italy 2014. FAO, World Health Organization. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/112672.

Zambrano LD, Levy K, Menezes NP, Freeman MC. Human diarrhoea infections associated with domestic animal husbandry: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2014;108:313–25. https://doi.org/10.1093/trstmh/tru056.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Maikai BV, Baba-Onoja EBT, Elisha IA. Contamination of raw vegetables with Cryptosporidium oocysts in markets within Zaria metropolis, Kaduna State. Nigeria Food Control. 2013;2013(31):45–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2012.09.032.

Article 

留言 (0)

沒有登入
gif