Goyal, V., Grimwood, K., Marchant, J., Masters, I. B. & Chang, A. B. Pediatric bronchiectasis: no longer an orphan disease. Pediatr. Pulmonol. 51, 450–469 (2016).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

McCallum, G. B. & Binks, M. J. The epidemiology of chronic suppurative lung disease and bronchiectasis in children and adolescents. Front. Pediatr. 5, 27 (2017).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Pasteur, M. C., Bilton, D. & Hill, A. T. British Thoracic Society Non-CF Bronchiectasis Guideline Group. British Thoracic Society guideline for non-CF bronchiectasis. Thorax 65(Suppl 1), i1–i58 (2010).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

McShane, P. J., Naureckas, E. T., Tino, G. & Strek, M. E. Non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 188, 647–656 (2013).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

El Boustany, P. et al. A review of non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis in children with a focus on the role of long-term treatment with macrolides. Pediatr. Pulmonol. 54, 487–496 (2019).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Twiss, J., Metcalfe, R., Edwards, E. & Byrnes, C. New Zealand national incidence of bronchiectasis “too high” for a developed country. Arch. Dis. Child 90, 737–740 (2005).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Das, L. & Kovesi, T. A. Bronchiectasis in children from Qikiqtani (Baffin) Region, Nunavut, Canada. Ann. Am. Thorac. Soc. 12, 96–100 (2015).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kapur, N., Masters, I. B., Newcombe, P. & Chang, A. B. The burden of disease in pediatric non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis. Chest 141, 1018–1024 (2012).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Munro, K. A. et al. Do New Zealand children with non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis show disease progression? Pediatr. Pulmonol. 46, 131–138 (2011).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kapur, N., Masters, I. B. & Chang, A. B. Longitudinal growth and lung function in pediatric non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis: what influences lung function stability? Chest 138, 158–164 (2010).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hill, A. T. et al. British Thoracic Society Guideline for bronchiectasis in adults. Thorax 74, 1–69 (2019).

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Khoo, J. K., Venning, V., Wong, C. & Jayaram, L. Bronchiectasis in the last five years: new developments. J. Clin. Med. 5, 115 (2016).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Haworth, C. S., Bilton, D. & Elborn, J. S. Long-term macrolide maintenance therapy in non-CF bronchiectasis: evidence and questions. Respir. Med. 108, 1397–1408 (2014).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Steel, H. C., Theron, A. J., Cockeran, R., Anderson, R. & Feldman, C. Pathogen- and host-directed anti-inflammatory activities of macrolide antibiotics. Mediators Inflamm. 2012, 584262 (2012).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Smith, D. et al. British Thoracic Society guideline for the use of long-term macrolides in adults with respiratory disease. Thorax 75, 370–404 (2020).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Polverino, E. et al. European Respiratory Society guidelines for the management of adult bronchiectasis. Eur. Respir. J. 50, 1700629 (2017).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chang, A. B. et al. European Respiratory Society guidelines for the management of children and adolescents with bronchiectasis. Eur. Respir. J. 58, 2002990 (2021).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chang, A. B. et al. Chronic suppurative lung disease and bronchiectasis in children and adults in Australia and New Zealand Thoracic Society of Australia and New Zealand guidelines. Med. J. Aust. 202, 21–23 (2015).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chalmers, J. D. et al. Long-term macrolide antibiotics for the treatment of bronchiectasis in adults: an individual participant data meta-analysis. Lancet Respir. Med. 7, 845–854 (2019).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wang, D., Fu, W. & Dai, J. Meta-analysis of macrolide maintenance therapy for prevention of disease exacerbations in patients with noncystic fibrosis bronchiectasis. Medicine (Baltimore) 98, e15285 (2019).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kelly, C. et al. Macrolide antibiotics for bronchiectasis. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 3, CD012406 (2018).

PubMed  Google Scholar 

PRISMA 2020. J. Clin. Epidemiol. 134, A5–A6 (2021).

Swartz, M. K. PRISMA 2020: an Update. J. Pediatr. Health Care 35, 351 (2021).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Aslam, S. & Emmanuel, P. Formulating a researchable question: a critical step for facilitating good clinical research. Indian J. Sex. Transm. Dis. AIDS 31, 47–50 (2010).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sterne, J. A. C. et al. RoB 2: a revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. BMJ 366, l4898 (2019).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Higgins, J. P., Thompson, S. G., Deeks, J. J. & Altman, D. G. Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. BMJ 327, 557–560 (2003).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Higgins, J. P. T. et al. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions version 6.1 (Cochrane Collaboration, London, 2020).

Goyal, V. et al. Amoxicillin-clavulanate versus azithromycin for respiratory exacerbations in children with bronchiectasis (BEST-2): a multicentre, double-blind, non-inferiority, randomised controlled trial. Lancet 392, 1197–1206 (2018).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Goyal, V. et al. Efficacy of oral amoxicillin-clavulanate or azithromycin for non-severe respiratory exacerbations in children with bronchiectasis (BEST-1): a multicentre, three-arm, double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Respir. Med. 7, 791–801 (2019).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hare, K. M. et al. Nasopharyngeal carriage and macrolide resistance in Indigenous children with bronchiectasis randomized to long-term azithromycin or placebo. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 34, 2275–2285 (2015).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Valery, P. C. et al. Long-term azithromycin for Indigenous children with non-cystic-fibrosis bronchiectasis or chronic suppurative lung disease (Bronchiectasis Intervention Study): a multicentre, double-blind, randomised controlled trial. lancet Respir. Med. 1, 610–620 (2013).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Koh, Y. Y., Lee, M. H., Sun, Y. H., Sung, K. W. & Chae, J. H. Effect of roxithromycin on airway responsiveness in children with bronchiectasis: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Eur. Respir. J. 10, 994–999 (1997).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Masekela, R. et al. Lack of efficacy of an immunomodulatory macrolide in childhood HIV related bronchiectasis: a randomised, placebo-controlled trial. J. Antivir. Antiretrovir. 5, 044–049 (2013).

CAS  Google Scholar 

Yalçin, E. et al. Effects of claritromycin on inflammatory parameters and clinical conditions in children with bronchiectasis. J. Clin. Pharm. Ther. 31, 49–55 (2006).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ramsey, K. A. & Schultz, A. Monitoring disease progression in childhood bronchiectasis. Front. Pediatr. 10, 1010016 (2022).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

McDonnell, M. J., Ward, C., Lordan, J. L. & Rutherford, R. M. Non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis. QJM 106, 709–715 (2013).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar