Kenny L, Hattersley C, Molins B, Buckley C, Povey C, Pellicano E. Which terms should be used to describe autism? Perspectives from the UK autism community. Autism. 2016;20(4):442–62.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5®). American Psychiatric Pub; 2013.

Lyall K, Croen L, Daniels J, Fallin MD, Ladd-Acosta C, Lee BK, Park BY, Snyder NW, Schendel D, Volk H, Windham GC. The changing epidemiology of autism spectrum disorders. Annu Rev Public Health. 2017;38:81.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Loomes R, Hull L, Mandy WP. What is the male-to-female ratio in autism spectrum disorder? A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2017;56(6):466–74.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Forde J, Bonilla PM, Mannion A, Coyne R, Haverty R, Leader G. Health status of adults with autism spectrum disorder. Rev J Autism Dev Disord. 2021:1–1.

Lever AG, Geurts HM. Psychiatric co-occurring symptoms and disorders in young, middle-aged, and older adults with autism spectrum disorder. J Autism Dev Disord. 2016;46(6):1916–30.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Simonoff E, Pickles A, Charman T, Chandler S, Loucas T, Baird G. Psychiatric disorders in children with autism spectrum disorders: prevalence, comorbidity, and associated factors in a population-derived sample. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2008;47(8):921–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Strang JF, Kenworthy L, Daniolos P, Case L, Wills MC, Martin A, Wallace GL. Depression and anxiety symptoms in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders without intellectual disability. Res Autism Spect Disord. 2012;6(1):406–12.

Article  Google Scholar 

Hossain MM, Khan N, Sultana A, Ma P, McKyer EL, Ahmed HU, Purohit N. Prevalence of comorbid psychiatric disorders among people with autism spectrum disorder: an umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Psychiatry Res. 2020;287: 112922.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cassidy S, Bradley P, Robinson J, Allison C, McHugh M, Baron-Cohen S. Suicidal ideation and suicide plans or attempts in adults with Asperger’s syndrome attending a specialist diagnostic clinic: a clinical cohort study. The Lancet Psychiatry. 2014;1(2):142–7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cassidy SA, Bradley L, Bowen E, Wigham S, Rodgers J. Measurement properties of tools used to assess suicidality in autistic and general population adults: a systematic review. Clin Psychol Rev. 2018;62:56–70.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Costa AP, Loor C, Steffgen G. Suicidality in adults with autism spectrum disorder: the role of depressive symptomatology, alexithymia, and antidepressants. J Autism Dev Disord. 2020;50(10):3585–97.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hirvikoski T, Mittendorfer-Rutz E, Boman M, Larsson H, Lichtenstein P, Bölte S. Premature mortality in autism spectrum disorder. Br J Psychiatry. 2016;208(3):232–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kõlves K, Fitzgerald C, Nordentoft M, Wood SJ, Erlangsen A. Assessment of suicidal behaviors among individuals with autism spectrum disorder in Denmark. JAMA Netw Open. 2021;4(1): e2033565.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hirvikoski T, Boman M, Chen Q, D’Onofrio BM, Mittendorfer-Rutz E, Lichtenstein P, et al. Individual risk and familial liability for suicide attempt and suicide in autism: a population-based study. Psychol Med. 2020;50(9):1463–74.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kirby AV, Bakian AV, Zhang Y, Bilder DA, Keeshin BR, Coon H. A 20-year study of suicide death in a statewide autism population. Autism Res. 2019;12(4):658–66.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

World Health Organisation. Suicide worldwide in 2019: global health estimates. Geneva: World Health Organisation; 2021.

Google Scholar 

Hedley D, Uljarević M. Systematic review of suicide in autism spectrum disorder: current trends and implications. Curr Dev Disord Rep. 2018;5(1):65–76.

Article  Google Scholar 

Zahid S, Upthegrove R. Suicidality in autistic spectrum disorders. Crisis. 2017;38(4):237–46.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Oliphant RY, Smith EM, Grahame V. What is the prevalence of self-harming and suicidal behaviour in under 18s with ASD, with or without an intellectual disability? J Autism Dev Disord. 2020;50(10):3510–24.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

O’Halloran L, Coey P, Wilson C. Suicidality in autistic youth: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev. 2022;93: 102144.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Blanchard A, Chihuri S, DiGuiseppi CG, Li G. Risk of self-harm in children and adults with autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Netw Open. 2021;4(10): e2130272.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Howe SJ, Hewitt K, Baraskewich J, Cassidy S, McMorris CA. Suicidality among children and youth with and without autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review of existing risk assessment tools. J Autism Dev Disord. 2020;50(10):3462–76.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cassidy SA, Bradley L, Cogger-Ward H, Rodgers J. Development and validation of the suicidal behaviours questionnaire: autism spectrum conditions in a community sample of autistic, possibly autistic and non-autistic adults. Mol Autism. 2021;12(1):46.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Achenbach TM. The Child Behavior Checklist and related instruments. In: Maurish ME, editor. The use of psychological testing for treatment planning and outcomes assessment. Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; 1999. p. 429–66.

Google Scholar 

Lindgren SD, Koeppl GK. Assessing child behavior problems in a medical setting: Development of the Pediatric Behavior Scale. In: Prinz RJ, editor. Advances in behavioral assessment of children and families, vol. 3. Greenwich, CT: JAI; 1987. p. 57–90.

Google Scholar 

Steenfeldt-Kristensen C, Jones CA, Richards C. The prevalence of self-injurious behaviour in autism: a meta-analytic study. J Autism Dev Disord. 2020;50(11):3857–73.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cassidy S. Suicidality and self-harm in autism spectrum conditions. In: White S, Maddox B, Mazefsky C, editors. Oxford handbook of autism and co-occurring psychiatric conditions. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2020.

Google Scholar 

Hurtig T, Kuusikko S, Mattila ML, Haapsamo H, Ebeling H, Jussila K, Joskitt L, Pauls D, Moilanen I. Multi-informant reports of psychiatric symptoms among high-functioning adolescents with Asperger syndrome or autism. Autism. 2009;13(6):583–98.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sandercock RK, Lamarche EM, Klinger MR, Klinger LG. Assessing the convergence of self-report and informant measures for adults with autism spectrum disorder. Autism. 2020;24(8):2256–68.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Castillejos MC, Huertas P, Martin P, Moreno KB. Prevalence of suicidality in the European general population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Suicide Res. 2021;25(4):810–28.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Carrasco-Barrios MT, Huertas P, Martín P, Martín C, Castillejos MC, Petkari E, et al. Determinants of suicidality in the European general population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(11):4115.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Strang JF, Anthony LG, Song A, Lai MC, Knauss M, Sadikova E, et al. In Addition to Stigma: Cognitive and Autism-Related Predictors of Mental Health in Transgender Adolescents. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2021:1–18.

Chang JC, Lai MC, Tai YM, Gau SS. Mental health correlates and potential childhood predictors for the wish to be of the opposite sex in young autistic adults. Autism. 2022;26(1):146–59.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chen MH, Pan TL, Lan WH, Hsu JW, Huang KL, Su TP, Li CT, Lin WC, Wei HT, Chen TJ, Bai YM. Risk of suicide attempts among adolescents and young adults with autism spectrum disorder: a nationwide longitudinal follow-up study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2017;78(9):1709.

Article  Google Scholar 

Hand BN, Angell AM, Harris L, Carpenter LA. Prevalence of physical and mental health conditions in Medicare-enrolled, autistic older adults. Autism. 2020;24(3):755–64.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hand BN, Benevides TW, Carretta HJ. Suicidal ideation and self-inflicted injury in Medicare enrolled autistic adults with and without co-occurring intellectual disability. J Autism Dev Disord. 2020;50(10):3489–95.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cassidy S, Rodgers J. Understanding and prevention of suicide in autism. The Lancet Psychiatry. 2017;4(6): e11.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hannon G, Taylor EP. Suicidal behaviour in adolescents and young adults with ASD: findings from a systematic review. Clin Psychol Rev. 2013;33(8):1197–204.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nicolaidis C, Raymaker DM, McDonald KE, Lund EM, Leotti S, Kapp SK, Katz M, Beers LM, Kripke C, Maslak J, Hunter M. Creating accessible survey instruments for use with autistic adults and people with intellectual disability: lessons learned and recommendations. Autism Adulthood. 2020;2(1):61–76.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cassidy S, Bradley L, Shaw R, Baron-Cohen S. Risk markers for suicidality in autistic adults. Mol Autism. 2018;9:42.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Pelton MK, Cassidy S. Are autistic traits associated with suicidality? A test of the interpersonal-psychological theory of suicide in a non-clinical young adult sample. Autism Res. 2017;10(11):1891–904.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lai MC, Kassee C, Besney R, Bonato S, Hull L, Mandy W, Szatmari P, Ameis SH. Prevalence of co-occurring mental health diagnoses in the autism population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Psychiatry. 2019;6(10):819–29.

Article  PubMed