Feigin VL, Brainin M, Norrving B, Martins S, Sacco RL, Hacke W, Fisher M, Pandian J, Lindsay P (2022) World Stroke Organization (WSO): global stroke fact sheet 2022. Int J Stroke 17(1):18–29

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Goyal M, Menon BK, van Zwam WH, Dippel DW, Mitchell PJ, Demchuk AM, Davalos A, Majoie CB, van der Lugt A, de Miquel MA, Donnan GA, Roos YB, Bonafe A, Jahan R, Diener HC, van den Berg LA, Levy EI, Berkhemer OA, Pereira VM et al (2016) Endovascular thrombectomy after large-vessel ischaemic stroke: a meta-analysis of individual patient data from five randomised trials. Lancet 387(10029):1723–1731

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Iadecola C, Buckwalter MS, Anrather J (2020) Immune responses to stroke: mechanisms, modulation, and therapeutic potential. J Clin Invest 130(6):2777–2788

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Shi K, Tian DC, Li ZG, Ducruet AF, Lawton MT, Shi FD (2019) Global brain inflammation in stroke. Lancet Neurol 18(11):1058–1066

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chamorro A, Meisel A, Planas AM, Urra X, van de Beek D, Veltkamp R (2012) The immunology of acute stroke. Nat Rev Neurol 8(7):401–410

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

De Meyer SF, Langhauser F, Haupeltshofer S, Kleinschnitz C, Casas AI (2022) Thromboinflammation in brain ischemia: recent updates and future perspectives. Stroke 53(5):1487–1499

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dreikorn M, Milacic Z, Pavlovic V, Meuth SG, Kleinschnitz C, Kraft P (2018) Immunotherapy of experimental and human stroke with agents approved for multiple sclerosis: a systematic review. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 11:1756286418770626

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Buckley MW, McGavern DB (2022) Immune dynamics in the CNS and its barriers during homeostasis and disease. Immunol Rev 306(1):58–75

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Alves de Lima K, Rustenhoven J, Kipnis J (2020) Meningeal immunity and its function in maintenance of the central nervous system in health and disease. Annu Rev Immunol 38:597–620

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Croese T, Castellani G, Schwartz M (2021) Immune cell compartmentalization for brain surveillance and protection. Nat Immunol 22(9):1083–1092

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Giladi A, Amit I (2018) Single-cell genomics: a stepping stone for future immunology discoveries. Cell 172(1–2):14–21

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Medawar PB (1948) Immunity to homologous grafted skin; the fate of skin homografts transplanted to the brain, to subcutaneous tissue, and to the anterior chamber of the eye. Br J Exp Pathol 29(1):58–69

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Rustenhoven J, Drieu A, Mamuladze T, de Lima KA, Dykstra T, Wall M, Papadopoulos Z, Kanamori M, Salvador AF, Baker W, Lemieux M, Da Mesquita S, Cugurra A, Fitzpatrick J, Sviben S, Kossina R, Bayguinov P, Townsend RR, Zhang Q et al (2021) Functional characterization of the dural sinuses as a neuroimmune interface. Cell 184(4):1000–1016

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Candelario-Jalil E, Dijkhuizen RM, Magnus T (2022) Neuroinflammation, stroke, blood-brain barrier dysfunction, and imaging modalities. Stroke 53(5):1473–1486

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mundt S, Greter M, Flugel A, Becher B (2019) The CNS immune landscape from the viewpoint of a T cell. Trends Neurosci 42(10):667–679

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mrdjen D, Pavlovic A, Hartmann FJ, Schreiner B, Utz SG, Leung BP, Lelios I, Heppner FL, Kipnis J, Merkler D, Greter M, Becher B (2018) High-dimensional single-cell mapping of central nervous system immune cells reveals distinct myeloid subsets in health, aging, and disease. Immunity 48(2):380–395

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Louveau A, Smirnov I, Keyes TJ, Eccles JD, Rouhani SJ, Peske JD, Derecki NC, Castle D, Mandell JW, Lee KS, Harris TH, Kipnis J (2015) Structural and functional features of central nervous system lymphatic vessels. Nature 523(7560):337–341

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Alves de Lima K, Rustenhoven J, Da Mesquita S, Wall M, Salvador AF, Smirnov I, Martelossi Cebinelli G, Mamuladze T, Baker W, Papadopoulos Z, Lopes MB, Cao WS, Xie XS, Herz J, Kipnis J (2020) Meningeal gammadelta T cells regulate anxiety-like behavior via IL-17a signaling in neurons. Nat Immunol 21(11):1421–1429

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Filiano AJ, Gadani SP, Kipnis J (2017) How and why do T cells and their derived cytokines affect the injured and healthy brain? Nat Rev Neurosci 18(6):375–384

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ribeiro M, Brigas HC, Temido-Ferreira M, Pousinha PA, Regen T, Santa C, Coelho JE, Marques-Morgado I, Valente CA, Omenetti S, Stockinger B, Waisman A, Manadas B, Lopes LV, Silva-Santos B, Ribot JC (2019) Meningeal gammadelta T cell-derived IL-17 controls synaptic plasticity and short-term memory. Sci Immunol 4(40):eaay5199

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lin Y, Zhang JC, Yao CY, Wu Y, Abdelgawad AF, Yao SL, Yuan SY (2016) Critical role of astrocytic interleukin-17 A in post-stroke survival and neuronal differentiation of neural precursor cells in adult mice. Cell Death Dis 7(6):e2273

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Moalem G, Leibowitz-Amit R, Yoles E, Mor F, Cohen IR, Schwartz M (1999) Autoimmune T cells protect neurons from secondary degeneration after central nervous system axotomy. Nat Med 5(1):49–55

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mastorakos P, Mihelson N, Luby M, Burks SR, Johnson K, Hsia AW, Witko J, Frank JA, Latour L, McGavern DB (2021) Temporally distinct myeloid cell responses mediate damage and repair after cerebrovascular injury. Nat Neurosci 24(2):245–258

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Russo MV, McGavern DB (2016) Inflammatory neuroprotection following traumatic brain injury. Science 353(6301):783–785

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mundt S, Mrdjen D, Utz SG, Greter M, Schreiner B, Becher B (2019) Conventional DCs sample and present myelin antigens in the healthy CNS and allow parenchymal T cell entry to initiate neuroinflammation. Sci Immunol 4(31)

Herisson F, Frodermann V, Courties G, Rohde D, Sun Y, Vandoorne K, Wojtkiewicz GR, Masson GS, Vinegoni C, Kim J, Kim DE, Weissleder R, Swirski FK, Moskowitz MA, Nahrendorf M (2018) Direct vascular channels connect skull bone marrow and the brain surface enabling myeloid cell migration. Nat Neurosci 21(9):1209–1217

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mazzitelli JA, Smyth LCD, Cross KA, Dykstra T, Sun J, Du S, Mamuladze T, Smirnov I, Rustenhoven J, Kipnis J (2022) Cerebrospinal fluid regulates skull bone marrow niches via direct access through dural channels. Nat Neurosci 25(5):555–560

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gelderblom M, Leypoldt F, Steinbach K, Behrens D, Choe CU, Siler DA, Arumugam TV, Orthey E, Gerloff C, Tolosa E, Magnus T (2009) Temporal and spatial dynamics of cerebral immune cell accumulation in stroke. Stroke 40(5):1849–1857

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gelderblom M, Weymar A, Bernreuther C, Velden J, Arunachalam P, Steinbach K, Orthey E, Arumugam TV, Leypoldt F, Simova O, Thom V, Friese MA, Prinz I, Holscher C, Glatzel M, Korn T, Gerloff C, Tolosa E, Magnus T (2012) Neutralization of the IL-17 axis diminishes neutrophil invasion and protects from ischemic stroke. Blood 120(18):3793–3802

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gelderblom M, Gallizioli M, Ludewig P, Thom V, Arunachalam P, Rissiek B, Bernreuther C, Glatzel M, Korn T, Arumugam TV, Sedlacik J, Gerloff C, Tolosa E, Planas AM, Magnus T (2018) IL-23 (interleukin-23)-producing conventional dendritic cells control the detrimental IL-17 (interleukin-17) response in stroke. Stroke 49(1):155–164

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Benakis C, Brea D, Caballero S, Faraco G, Moore J, Murphy M, Sita G, Racchumi G, Ling L, Pamer EG, Iadecola C, Anrather J (2016) Commensal microbiota affects ischemic stroke outcome by regulating intestinal gammadelta T cells. Nat Med 22(5):516–523

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kleinschnitz C, Schwab N, Kraft P, Hagedorn I, Dreykluft A, Schwarz T, Austinat M, Nieswandt B, Wiendl H, Stoll G (2010) Early detrimental T-cell effects in experimental cerebral ischemia are neither related to adaptive immunity nor thrombus formation. Blood 115(18):3835–3842

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tsai AS, Berry K, Beneyto MM, Gaudilliere D, Ganio EA, Culos A, Ghaemi MS, Choisy B, Djebali K, Einhaus JF, Bertrand B, Tanada A, Stanley N, Fallahzadeh R, Baca Q, Quach LN, Osborn E, Drag L, Lansberg MG et al (2019) A year-long immune profile of the systemic response in acute stroke survivors. Brain 142(4):978–991

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar