aDepartment of Public Health Medicine, Institute of Medicine, and Health Services Research and Development Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba

bIbaraki Western Medical Center, Chikusei

cDepartment of Public Health and Nursing, Institute of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba

dPublic Health, Department of Social Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita

eDepartment of Public Health, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, Mibu

fOsaka Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases Prevention, Osaka

gDepartment of Public Health, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osakasayama

hDepartment of Public Health, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo

iDepartment of Epidemiology School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima

jYao City Public Health Center, Yao

kChiba Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Chiba

lInstitute for Global Health Policy Research (iGHP), Bureau of International Health Cooperation, National Center for Global and Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan

Correspondence to Kazumasa Yamagishi, MD, PhD, Department of Public Health Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan. Tel/fax:+81 29 853 2695; e-mail: [email protected]

Abbreviations: CIRCS, Circulatory Risk in Communities Study; ICD, International Classification of Disease and Related Health Problem; SMR, standardized mortality ratio

Received 23 December, 2021

Revised 27 October, 2022

Accepted 22 November, 2022