American College of Physicians, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (A.Q., I.E-I.)

Stanford Health Policy, Stanford University, Stanford, California (D.K.O.)

Hassanah Consulting, Seattle, Washington (J.T.)

A-Cross Medicine Reviews, Colorado Springs, Colorado (J.T.J.)

Minneapolis VA Center for Care Delivery and Outcomes Research, Minneapolis, Minnesota (T.J.W.).

Note: Clinical guidelines are meant to guide care based on the best available evidence and may not apply to all patients or individual clinical situations. They should not be used as a replacement for a clinician's judgment. Any reference to a product or process contained in a guideline is not intended as an endorsement of any specific commercial product. All ACP clinical guidelines are considered automatically withdrawn or invalid 5 years after publication or once an update has been issued. The CGC is planning to maintain this guideline as living and will update it if evidence emerges that leads to important changes in conclusions.

Acknowledgment: The Clinical Guidelines Committee would like to acknowledge the following members of the ACP Guidelines Public Panel for their review and comments on the guideline from a patient perspective: Cynthia Appley, Ray Haeme, Johanna Lewis, Mike Lotrecchiano, Billy Oglesby, James Pantelas, Missy Carson Smith, and Lelis Vernon.

Financial Support: Financial support for the development of this guideline came exclusively from the ACP operating budget.

Disclosures: All financial and intellectual disclosures of interest were declared, and potential conflicts were discussed and managed. Dr. Williams acquired a high-level conflict (household member receiving industry consulting fees) during work development and upon disclosure was recused from further discussion, authorship, and voting. Dr. Mustafa disclosed a high-level conflict (site principal investigator for industry-funded study) during work development and upon disclosure was recused from further discussion, authorship, and voting. A record of disclosures of interest and management of conflicts is kept for each Clinical Guidelines Committee meeting and conference call and can be viewed at www.acponline.org/clinical_information/guidelines/guidelines/conflicts_cgc.htm. Disclosures can also be viewed at www.acponline.org/authors/icmje/ConflictOfInterestForms.do?msNum=M22-2056.

Corresponding Author: Amir Qaseem, MD, PhD, MHA, American College of Physicians, 190 N. Independence Mall West, Philadelphia, PA 19106; e-mail, [email protected]org.

Author Contributions: Conception and design: A. Qaseem, D.K. Owens, I. Etxeandia-Ikobaltzeta, J. Tufte, T.J. Wilt.

Analysis and interpretation of the data: A. Qaseem, D.K. Owens, J.T. Cross, T.J. Wilt, C.J. Crandall, T.G. Cooney, A.J. Obley, J.A. Tice, J. Yost.

Drafting of the article: A. Qaseem, I. Etxeandia-Ikobaltzeta, J. Tufte, J.T. Cross, T.J. Wilt, J. Yost.

Critical revision for important intellectual content: A. Qaseem, D.K. Owens, I. Etxeandia-Ikobaltzeta, J. Tufte, J.T. Cross, T.J. Wilt, C.J. Crandall, E. Balk, T.G. Cooney, L.A. Hicks, J.S. Lin, A.J. Obley, J.A. Tice, J. Yost.

Final approval of the article: A. Qaseem, D.K. Owens, I. Etxeandia-Ikobaltzeta, J. Tufte, J.T. Cross, T.J. Wilt, C.J. Crandall, E. Balk, T.G. Cooney, N. Fitterman, L.A. Hicks, J.S. Lin, M. Maroto, A.J. Obley, J.A. Tice, J. Yost.

Provision of study materials or patients: T.J. Wilt.

Statistical expertise: A. Qaseem, T.J. Wilt.

Administrative, technical, or logistic support: A. Qaseem, I. Etxeandia-Ikobaltzeta, J. Yost.

Collection and assembly of data: I. Etxeandia-Ikobaltzeta, T.J. Wilt, J. Yost.

This article was published at Annals.org on 24 January 2023.

* This article, written by Amir Qaseem, MD, PhD, MHA; Douglas K. Owens, MD, MS; Itziar Etxeandia-Ikobaltzeta, PharmD, PhD; Janice Tufte; J. Thomas Cross Jr., MD, MPH; and Timothy J. Wilt, MD, MPH, was developed for the Clinical Guidelines Committee of the American College of Physicians. Individuals who served on the Clinical Guidelines Committee from initiation of the project until its approval were Timothy J. Wilt, MD, MPH‡ (Chair); Carolyn J. Crandall, MD, MS‡ (Vice Chair); Devan Kansagara, MD, MCR§ (Past Vice Chair); Ethan Balk, MD, MPH‡; Pelin Batur, MD, NCMP§; Thomas G. Cooney, MD‡; J. Thomas Cross Jr., MD, MPH‡; Nick Fitterman, MD‡; Lauri A. Hicks, DO‡; Jennifer S. Lin, MD, MCR‡; Michael Maroto, JD, MBA‡||; Reem A. Mustafa, MD, PhD, MPH§; Adam J. Obley, MD, MPH‡; Douglas K. Owens, MD, MS‡; Jeffrey A. Tice, MD‡; Janice E. Tufte‡||; Sandeep Vijan, MD, MS§; and John W. Williams Jr., MD, MHS§. Approved by the ACP Board of Regents on 23 July 2022.

† Members of the ACP Division of Clinical Policy: Kate Carroll, MPH§; Itziar Etxeandia-Ikobaltzeta, PharmD, PhD‡; Tatyana Shamliyan, MD, MS§; Amir Qaseem, MD, PhD, MHA‡; and Jennifer Yost, RN, PhD‡.

‡ Author.

§ Nonauthor contributor.

|| Nonphysician public representative.