Figure 2. (a) Map indicating rating locations of anxiety; (b) Interactive map that was provided to the participant during their shuttle ride.

Figure 3. Violin plot with jitter and median line displaying trust and situational trust before and after riding in the shuttle between phases.

Figure 4. Diverging bar chart displaying the perceptions of HAVs before and after riding in the shuttle between phases.

Figure 5. Boxplot with jitter displaying anxiety ratings by location and between the phases.

Table 1. Demographics and transportation preferences by phase.

Table 1. Demographics and transportation preferences by phase.

VariablePhase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3 Total Sample(n = 24)(n = 30)(n = 31)(N = 85)% of drive in automation Actual58%59%93%-Perceived44% ± 13%48% ± 13%76% ± 14%57% ± 21%Age 65–7416 (67%)23 (77%)16 (52%)55 (65%)75+8 (33%)7 (23%)15 (48%)30 (35%)Gender Female14 (58%)14 (47%)16 (52%)43 (51%)Male10 (42%)16 (53%)15 (48%)42 (49%)Impairment Visual2 (8%)3 (10%)2 (6%)7 (8%)Walking3 (12%)5 (17%)5 (16%)13 (15%)Mobility device1 (4%)2 (7%)3 (10%)6 (7%)None19 (79%)23 (77%)25 (81%)67 (79%)Education Graduate degree7 (29%)11 (37%)16 (52%)34 (40%)College degree14 (58%)12 (40%)11 (35%)37 (44%)High school diploma 3 (13%)7 (23%)4 (13%)14 (16%)Driving Restrictions Yes (eyeglasses)13 (54%)21 (70%)15 (48%)49 (58%)No10 (42%)9 (30%)16 (52%)35 (41%)No license1 (4%)0 (0%)0 (0%)1 (1%)Annual Mileage1 (4%) <2000 mi9 (38%)2 (7%)3 (10%)6 (7%)2000–6000 mi6 (18%)8 (27%)8 (26%)25 (29%)6000–12,000 mi8 (24%)10 (33%)14 (45%)30 (35%)>12,000 mi 10 (33%)6 (19%)24 (28%)Vehicle has ACC or LKA No15 (62%)17 (57%)19 (61%)51 (60%)Yes9 (38%)11 (37%)12 (39%)32 (38%)Unsure0 (0%)2 (6%)0 (0%)2 (2%)

Table 2. Perceptions of HAVs before and after riding in the AV by phase.

Table 2. Perceptions of HAVs before and after riding in the AV by phase.

ItemPhase 1Phase 2Phase 3Total Sample(n = 24)(n = 30)(n = 31)(N = 85)PrePostPrePostPrePostPrePostHow concerned are you about the HAVs ability to interact with pedestrians and bicyclists2 (1)2 (1)2 (1)2 (1)2 (0)2 (0)2 (.25)2 (1)I would trust a HAV to drive on the highway4 (0.25)4 (0.25)4 (1)4.5 (1)4 (0)4 (1)4 (0)4 (1)I am open to the idea of riding in an HAV5 (1)5 (1)5 (1)4 (1)5 (1)4 (1)5 (1)4 (1)I would trust a HAV to respond to traffic lights/signs 4 (0)4 (1)4 (0)4 (1)4 (1)4 (1)4 (0)4 (1)I am afraid to ride in a HAV2 (1)1 (1)2 (1)2 (1)1 (1)2 (1)2 (1)2 (1)I would trust a HAV to drive in areas with lots of pedestrian traffic3 (2)3 (2)3 (1)3 (1.75)3 (2)3 (2)3 (2)3 (2)I would trust a HAV to drive on city streets4 (0)4 (0)4 (1)4 (.75)4 (0)4 (1)4 (1)4 (0)I would trust a HAV to drive in congested traffic3 (1.25)3 (1.25)3 (1.75)3 (2)4 (1)4 (2)3 (1)3 (2)I feel safe riding in a HAV3 (.5)3 (1)4 (1)3 (1)3 (1)4 (1)3 (1)3 (1)I can trust HAVs3 (1)4 (0)3 (1.75)4 (1)4 (1)4 (.5)3 (1)4 (1)I believe that HAVs are reliable4 (1)4 (0)4 (1.75)4 (1.75)4 (1)4 (.5)4 (1)4 (0)I am suspicious of HAVs3 (2)2 (2.25)3 (2)2 (1.75)3 (1)2 (2)3 (2)2 (2)HAVs will allow me to stay active4 (2)4 (2)4 (1)4 (1.75)4 (2)4 (1.5)4 (2)4 (2)HAVs will allow me to stay involved in my community4 (1.5)4 (1.5)4 (1.75)4 (1.75)4 (2)4 (2)4 (2)4 (2)