Friedenstein AJ, Chailakhyan RK, Latsinik NV, Panasyuk AF, Keiliss-Borok IV. Stromal cells responsible for transferring the microenvironment of the hemopoietic tissues Cloning in vitro and retransplantation in vivo. Transplantation. 1974;17:331–40.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Viswanathan S, Shi Y, Galipeau J, Krampera M, Leblanc K, Martin I, et al. Mesenchymal stem versus stromal cells: International Society for Cell & Gene Therapy (ISCT®) Mesenchymal Stromal Cell committee position statement on nomenclature. Cytotherapy. 2019;21:1019–24.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Caplan AI. Mesenchymal stem cells: time to change the name! Stem Cells Transl Med. 2017;6:1445–51.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lemos DR, Duffield JS. Tissue-resident mesenchymal stromal cells: implications for tissue-specific antifibrotic therapies. Sci Transl Med. 2018;10:eaan5174.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lai P-L, Lin H, Chen S-F, Yang S-C, Hung K-H, Chang C-F, et al. Efficient generation of chemically induced mesenchymal stem cells from human dermal fibroblasts. Sci Rep. 2017;7:44534.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Leuning DG, Engelse MA, Lievers E, Bijkerk R, Reinders MEJ, de Boer HC, et al. The human kidney capsule contains a functionally distinct mesenchymal stromal cell population. PLoS ONE. 2017;12:e0187118.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Leuning DG, Reinders MEJ, Li J, Peired AJ, Lievers E, de Boer HC, et al. Clinical-grade isolated human kidney perivascular stromal cells as an organotypic cell source for kidney regenerative medicine. Stem Cells Transl Med. 2017;6:405–18.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Caplan H, Olson SD, Kumar A, George M, Prabhakara KS, Wenzel P, et al. Mesenchymal stromal cell therapeutic delivery: translational challenges to clinical application. Front Immunol. 2019;10:1645.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Denu RA, Nemcek S, Bloom DD, Goodrich AD, Kim J, Mosher DF, et al. Fibroblasts and mesenchymal stromal/stem cells are phenotypically indistinguishable. Acta Haematol. 2016;136:85–97.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Soundararajan M, Kannan S. Fibroblasts and mesenchymal stem cells: two sides of the same coin? J Cell Physiol. 2018;233:9099–109.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

LeBleu VS, Neilson EG. Origin and functional heterogeneity of fibroblasts. FASEB J. 2020;34:3519–36.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ugurlu B, Karaoz E. Comparison of similar cells: mesenchymal stromal cells and fibroblasts. Acta Histochem. 2020;122:151634.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Davidson S, Coles M, Thomas T, Kollias G, Ludewig B, Turley S, et al. Fibroblasts as immune regulators in infection, inflammation and cancer. Nat Rev Immunol. 2021;1–14.

Zhuang Y, Li D, Fu J, Shi Q, Lu Y, Ju X. Comparison of biological properties of umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells from early and late passages: immunomodulatory ability is enhanced in aged cells. Mol Med Rep Spandidos Publications. 2015;11:166–74.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Schellenberg A, Lin Q, Schüler H, Koch CM, Joussen S, Denecke B, et al. Replicative senescence of mesenchymal stem cells causes DNA-methylation changes which correlate with repressive histone marks. Aging (Albany NY). 2011;3:873–88.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Andrzejewska A, Catar R, Schoon J, Qazi TH, Sass FA, Jacobi D, et al. Multi-parameter analysis of biobanked human bone marrow stromal cells shows little influence for donor age and mild comorbidities on phenotypic and functional properties. Front Immunol. 2019;10:2474.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Pasumarthy KK, Doni Jayavelu N, Kilpinen L, Andrus C, Battle SL, Korhonen M, et al. Methylome analysis of human bone marrow MSCs reveals extensive age- and culture-induced changes at distal regulatory elements. Stem Cell Rep. 2017;9:999–1015.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Wiese DM, Ruttan CC, Wood CA, Ford BN, Braid LR. Accumulating transcriptome drift precedes cell aging in human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stromal cells serially cultured to replicative senescence. Stem Cells Transl Med. 2019;8:945–58.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Koliaraki V, Prados A, Armaka M, Kollias G. The mesenchymal context in inflammation, immunity and cancer. Nat Immunol. 2020;21:974–82.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

•• Steens J, Unger K, Klar L, Neureiter A, Wieber K, Hess J, et al. Direct conversion of human fibroblasts into therapeutically active vascular wall-typical mesenchymal stem cells. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2020;77:3401–22. This study reports a novel method to convert human skin fibroblasts towards MSCs using a lentiviral vector or a Tet-On system. This shows that patient-specific MSCs can be obtained from fibroblasts in large amounts by a direct conversion into induced MSCs, which could open novel ways for MSC-based therapies.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Leuning DG, Beijer NRM, du Fossé NA, Vermeulen S, Lievers E, van Kooten C, et al. The cytokine secretion profile of mesenchymal stromal cells is determined by surface structure of the microenvironment. Sci Rep. 2018;8:7716.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hoogduijn MJ, Issa F, Casiraghi F, Reinders MEJ. Cellular therapies in organ transplantation. Transpl Int. 2021;34:233–44.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pinho S, Frenette PS. Haematopoietic stem cell activity and interactions with the niche. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2019;20:303–20.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Buechler MB, Kim K-W, Onufer EJ, Williams JW, Little CC, Dominguez CX, et al. A stromal niche defined by expression of the transcription factor WT1 mediates programming and homeostasis of cavity-resident macrophages. Immunity. 2019;51:119-130.e5.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Jiang W, Xu J. Immune modulation by mesenchymal stem cells. Cell Prolif. 2020;53:e12712.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Obermajer N, Dahlke MH. (Compl)Ex-Th17-Treg cell inter-relationship. Oncoimmunology. 2016;5:e1040217.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Terraza-Aguirre C, Campos-Mora M, Elizondo-Vega R, Contreras-López RA, Luz-Crawford P, Jorgensen C, et al. Mechanisms behind the immunoregulatory dialogue between mesenchymal stem cells and Th17 cells. Cells. 2020;9:E1660.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Weiss ARR, Dahlke MH. Immunomodulation by mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs): mechanisms of action of living, Apoptotic, and Dead MSCs. Front Immunol. 2019;10:1191.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Weiss ARR, Lee O, Eggenhofer E, Geissler E, Korevaar SS, Soeder Y, et al. Differential effects of heat-inactivated, secretome-deficient MSC and metabolically active MSC in sepsis and allogenic heart transplantation. Stem Cells. 2020;38:797–807.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gonçalves F da C, Luk F, Korevaar SS, Bouzid R, Paz AH, López-Iglesias C, et al. Membrane particles generated from mesenchymal stromal cells modulate immune responses by selective targeting of pro-inflammatory monocytes. Sci Rep. 2017;7:12100.

Luk F, de Witte SFH, Korevaar SS, Roemeling-van Rhijn M, Franquesa M, Strini T, et al. Inactivated mesenchymal stem cells maintain immunomodulatory capacity. Stem Cells Dev. 2016;25:1342–54.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rocha RA, Fox JM, Genever PG, Hancock Y. Biomolecular phenotyping and heterogeneity assessment of mesenchymal stromal cells using label-free Raman spectroscopy. Sci Rep. 2021;11:4385.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Musiał-Wysocka A, Kot M, Majka M. The pros and cons of mesenchymal stem cell-based therapies. Cell Transplant SAGE Publications Inc. 2019;28:801–12.

Szydlak R. Biological, chemical and mechanical factors regulating migration and homing of mesenchymal stem cells. World J Stem Cells. 2021;13:619–31.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Alanazi A, Munir H, Alassiri M, Ward LSC, McGettrick HM, Nash GB. Comparative adhesive and migratory properties of mesenchymal stem cells from different tissues. Biorheology IOS Press. 2019;56:15–30.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Sheriff L, Alanazi A, Ward LSC, Ward C, Munir H, Rayes J, et al. Origin-specific adhesive interactions of mesenchymal stem cells with platelets influence their behavior after infusion. STEM CELLS. 2018;36:1062–74.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

De Becker A, Riet IV. Homing and migration of mesenchymal stromal cells: how to improve the efficacy of cell therapy? World J Stem Cells. 2016;8:73–87.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Meleshko A, Prakharenia I, Kletski S, Isaikina Y. Chimerism of allogeneic mesenchymal cells in bone marrow, liver, and spleen after mesenchymal stem cells infusion. Pediatr Transplant. 2013;17:E189-194.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nitzsche F, Müller C, Lukomska B, Jolkkonen J, Deten A, Boltze J. Concise review: MSC adhesion cascade–insights into homing and transendothelial migration. Stem Cells. 2017;35:1446–60.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shahror RA, Ali AAA, Wu C-C, Chiang Y-H, Chen K-Y. Enhanced homing of mesenchymal stem cells overexpressing fibroblast growth factor 21 to injury site in a mouse model of traumatic brain injury. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20:E2624.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shahror RA, Linares GR, Wang Y, Hsueh S-C, Wu C-C, Chuang D-M, et al. Transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells overexpressing fibroblast growth factor 21 facilitates cognitive recovery and enhances neurogenesis in a mouse model of traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma. 2020;37:14–26.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wang X, Zhu Y, Sun C, Wang T, Shen Y, Cai W, et al. Feedback activation of basic fibroblast growth factor signaling via the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in skin fibroblasts. Front Pharmacol. 2017;8:32.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Li X, Hong Y, He H, Jiang G, You W, Liang X, et al. FGF21 mediates mesenchymal stem cell senescence via regulation of mitochondrial dynamics. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2019;2019:4915149.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Pesaresi M, Bonilla-Pons SA, Sebastian-Perez R, Di Vicino U, Alcoverro-Bertran M, Michael R, et al. The chemokine receptors Ccr5 and Cxcr6 enhance migration of mesenchymal stem cells into the degenerating retina. Mol Ther. 2021;29:804–21.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Guo Y, Chi X, Wang Y, Heng BC, Wei Y, Zhang X, et al. Mitochondria transfer enhances proliferation, migration, and osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell and promotes bone defect healing. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2020;11:245.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Galipeau J, Sensébé L. Mesenchymal stromal cells: clinical challenges and therapeutic opportunities. Cell Stem Cell. 2018;22:824–33.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

de Witte SFH, Luk F, Sierra Parraga JM, Gargesha M, Merino A, Korevaar SS, et al. Immunomodulation by therapeutic mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) is triggered through phagocytosis of MSC by monocytic cells. Stem Cells. 2018;36:602–15.