1. Ashina, M, Katsarava, Z, Do, TP, et al. Migraine: epidemiology and systems of care. Lancet 2021; 397: 1485–1495.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline2. Robbins, L. CGRP monoclonal antibodies for prevention of migraine: there are many adverse effects. Int J Neurol Neurother 2021; 8: 109.
Google Scholar3. de Coo, IF, Marin, JC, Silberstein, SD, et al . Differential efficacy of non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation for the acute treatment of episodic and chronic cluster headache: a meta-analysis. Cephalalgia 2019; 39: 967–977.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI4. Diener, HC, Goadsby, PJ, Ashina, M, et al. Non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation (nVNS) for the preventive treatment of episodic migraine: the multicentre, double-blind, randomised, sham-controlled PREMIUM trial. Cephalalgia 2019; 39: 1475–1487.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI5. Eren, O, Straube, A, Schoberl, F, Schankin, C. Hemicrania continua: beneficial effect of non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation in a patient with a contraindication for indomethacin. Headache 2017; 57: 298–301.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline6. Gaul, C, Diener, HC, Silver, N, et al. Non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation for PREVention and Acute treatment of chronic cluster headache (PREVA): a randomised controlled study. Cephalalgia 2016; 36: 534–546.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI7. Goadsby, PJ, de Coo, IF, Silver, N, et al. Non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation for the acute treatment of episodic and chronic cluster headache: a randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled ACT2 study. Cephalalgia 2018; 38: 959–969.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI8. Goadsby, PJ, Grosberg, BM, Mauskop, A, Cady, R, Simmons, KA. Effect of noninvasive vagus nerve stimulation on acute migraine: an open-label pilot study. Cephalalgia 2014; 34: 986–993.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI9. Kamourieh, S, Lagrata, S, Matharu, MS. Non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation is beneficial in chronic paroxysmal hemicrania. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2019; 90: 1072–1074.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline10. Silberstein, SD, Calhoun, AH, Lipton, RB, et al . Chronic migraine headache prevention with noninvasive vagus nerve stimulation: the EVENT study. Neurology 2016; 87: 529–538.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI11. Silberstein, SD, Mechtler, LL, Kudrow, DB, et al. Non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation for the ACute Treatment of cluster headache: findings from the randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled ACT1 study. Headache 2016; 56: 1317–1332.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI12. Tassorelli, C, Grazzi, L, de Tommaso, M, et al. Noninvasive vagus nerve stimulation as acute therapy for migraine: the randomized PRESTO study. Neurology 2018; 91: e364–e373.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline13. Trimboli, M, Al-Kaisy, A, Andreou, AP, Murphy, M, Lambru, G . Non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation for the management of refractory primary chronic headaches: a real-world experience. Cephalalgia 2018; 38: 1276–1285.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI14. Tso, AR, Marin, J, Goadsby, PJ. Noninvasive vagus nerve stimulation for treatment of indomethacin-sensitive headaches. JAMA Neurol 2017; 74: 1266–1267.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline15. Silberstein, SD, Yuan, H, Najib, U, et al . Non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation for primary headache: a clinical update. Cephalalgia 2020; 40: 1370–1384.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI16. Headache Classification Committee of the International Headache Society (IHS) . The International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd edition. Cephalalgia 2018; 38: 1–211.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals17. Diener, HC, Ashina, M, Durand-Zaleski, I, et al. Health technology assessment for the acute and preventive treatment of migraine: a position statement of the International Headache Society. Cephalalgia 2021: 41: 279–293.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals18. Bang, H, Flaherty, SP, Kolahi, J, Park, J. Blinding assessment in clinical trials: a review of statistical methods and a proposal of blinding assessment protocol. Clin Res Regul Aff 2010; 27: 42–51.
Google Scholar | Crossref19. Flores-Silva, FD, Garcia-Grimshaw, M, Valdes-Ferrer, SI, et al . Neurologic manifestations in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in Mexico City. PLoS One 2021; 16: e0247433.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline20. Ma, M, Bao, J, Fang, J, et al . Impact of headache frequency and sleep during the COVID-19 pandemic among migraine patients. Curr Neurovasc Res 2021; 18: 4–11.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline21. di Cola, FS, Caratozzolo, S, Di Cesare, M, et al. Migraine monitoring in the time of covid-19: triggers and protectors during a pandemic. Pain Med 2021; 22: 2728–2738.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline22. Verhagen, IE, van Casteren, DS, de Vries Lentsch, S, Terwindt, GM. Effect of lockdown during COVID-19 on migraine: a longitudinal cohort study. Cephalalgia 2021; 41: 865–870.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI23. Chen, SP, Ay, I, Lopes de Morais, A, et al. Vagus nerve stimulation inhibits cortical spreading depression. Pain 2016; 157: 797–805.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline24. Morais, A, Liu, TT, Qin, T, et al. Vagus nerve stimulation inhibits cortical spreading depression exclusively through central mechanisms. Pain 2020; 161: 1661–1669.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline25. Al-Hashel, JY, Ismail, II. Impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on patients with migraine: a web-based survey study. J Headache Pain 2020; 21: 115.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline26. Uygun, Ö, Ertaş, M, Ekizoğlu, E, et al. Headache characteristics in COVID-19 pandemic-a survey study. J Headache Pain 2020; 21: 121.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline27. Schroeder, CF, Moller, M, May, A. nVNS sham significantly affects the trigeminal-autonomic reflex: a randomized controlled study. Neurology 2019; 93: e518–e521.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline28. Kjaer, SW, Rice, ASC, Wartolowska, K, Vase, L. Neuromodulation: more than a placebo effect? Pain 2020; 161: 491–495.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline29. Reuter, U, McClure, C, Liebler, E, Pozo-Rosich, P . Non-invasive neuromodulation for migraine and cluster headache: a systematic review of clinical trials. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2019; 90: 796–804.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline30. Burke, MJ, Kaptchuk, TJ, Pascual-Leone, A. Challenges of differential placebo effects in contemporary medicine: the example of brain stimulation. Ann Neurol 2019; 85: 12–20.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline31. Kaptchuk, TJ, Goldman, P, Stone, DA, Stason, WB. Do medical devices have enhanced placebo effects? J Clin Epidemiol 2000; 53: 786–792.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI