1. Macfarlane, TV, Blinkhorn, AS, Davies, RM, et al. Factors associated with health care seeking behaviour for orofacial pain in the general population. Community Dent Health 2003; 20: 20–26
Google Scholar | Medline2. Smith, B, Ceusters, W, Goldberg, LJ, et al. Towards ontology pain and pain-related phenoma. In: Okada, M (ed). Proceedings of the conference on ontology and analytical metaphysics. Tokyo, , pp. 23–36.
Google Scholar3. Shaefer, JR, Khawaja, SN, Bavia, PF. Sex, gender, and orofacial pain. Dent Clin North Am 2018; 62: 665–682. DOI: 10.1016/j.cden.2018.06.001.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline4. Macfarlane, TV, Blinkhorn, AS, Davies, RM, et al. Association between local mechanical factors and orofacial pain: survey in the community. J Dent 2003; 31: 535–542. DOI: 10.1016/s0300-5712(03)00108-8.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline5. Koopman, JS, Dieleman, JP, Huygen, FJ, et al. Incidence of facial pain in the general population. Pain 2009; 147: 122–127. DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2009.08.023.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI6. LeResche, L . Epidemiology of temporomandibular disorders: implications for the investigation of etiologic factors. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 1997; 8: 291–305. DOI: 10.1177/10454411970080030401.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI7. Anastassaki, A, Magnusson, T. Patients referred to a specialist clinic because of suspected temporomandibular disorders: a survey of 3194 patients in respect of diagnoses, treatments, and treatment outcome. Acta Odontol Scand 2004; 62: 183–192. DOI: 10.1080/00016350410001595.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI8. Manfredini, D, Guarda-Nardini, L, Winocur, E, et al. Research diagnostic criteria for temporomandibular disorders: a systematic review of axis I epidemiologic findings. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2011; 112: 453–462. DOI: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2011.04.021.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline9. Haldeman, S, Dagenais, S. Cervicogenic headaches: a critical review. Spine J 2001; 1: 31–46. DOI: 10.1016/S1529-9430(01)00024-9. 2003/11/01
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline10. Lipton, RB, Bigal, ME, Diamond, M, et al. Migraine prevalence, disease burden, and the need for preventive therapy. Neurology 2007; 68: 343–349. DOI: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000252808.97649.21.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI11. Buse, DC, Loder, EW, Gorman, JA, et al. Sex differences in the prevalence, symptoms, and associated features of migraine, probable migraine and other severe headache: results of the American Migraine Prevalence and Prevention (AMPP) Study. Headache 2013; 53: 1278–1299. DOI: 10.1111/head.12150.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI12. Siqueira, SR, Teixeira, MJ, Siqueira, JT. Clinical characteristics of patients with trigeminal neuralgia referred to neurosurgery. Eur J Dent 2009; 3: 207–212
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline13. Zakrzewska, JM, Forssell, H, Glenny, AM. Interventions for the treatment of burning mouth syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002779.pub2.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline14. Rosseland, LA, Stubhaug, A. Gender is a confounding factor in pain trials: women report more pain than men after arthroscopic surgery. Pain 2004; 112: 248–253. DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2004.08.028.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI15. Fillingim, RB, King, CD, Ribeiro-Dasilva, MC, et al. Sex, gender, and pain: a review of recent clinical and experimental findings. J Pain 2009; 10: 447–485. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2008.12.001.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI16. Hellstrom, B, Anderberg, UM. Pain perception across the menstrual cycle phases in women with chronic pain. Percept Mot Skills 2003; 96: 201–211. DOI: 10.2466/pms.2003.96.1.201.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI17. LeResche, L, Mancl, L, Sherman, JJ, et al. Changes in temporomandibular pain and other symptoms across the menstrual cycle. Pain 2003; 106: 253–261. DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2003.06.001.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI18. LeResche, L, Saunders, K, Von Korff, MR, et al. Use of exogenous hormones and risk of temporomandibular disorder pain. Pain 1997; 69: 153–160. DOI: 10.1016/S0304-3959(96)03230-7.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI19. LeResche, L, Sherman, JJ, Huggins, K, et al. Musculoskeletal orofacial pain and other signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorders during pregnancy: a prospective study. J Orofac Pain 2005; 19: 193–201
Google Scholar | Medline20. Wise, EA, Riley, JL, Robinson, ME. Clinical pain perception and hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women experiencing orofacial pain. Clin J Pain 2000; 16: 121–126. DOI: 10.1097/00002508-200006000-00005.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI21. Arthuri, MT, Gameiro, GH, Tambeli, CH, et al. Peripheral effect of a kappa opioid receptor antagonist on nociception evoked by formalin injected in TMJ of pregnant rats. Life Sci 2005; 76: 1177–1188. DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2004.10.019.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline22. Fischer, L, Torres-Chavez, KE, Clemente-Napimoga, JT, et al. The influence of sex and ovarian hormones on temporomandibular joint nociception in rats. J Pain 2008; 9: 630–638. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2008.02.006.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline23. Schumacher, M, Guennoun, R, Mercier, G, et al. Progesterone synthesis and myelin formation in peripheral nerves. Brain Res Rev 2001; 37: 343–359. DOI: 10.1016/s0165-0173(01)00139-4.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline24. Barakat, R, Oakley, O, Kim, H, et al. Extra-gonadal sites of estrogen biosynthesis and function. BMB Rep 2016; 49: 488–496. DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2016.49.9.141.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline25. Kou, XX, Wu, YW, Ding, Y, et al. 17beta-estradiol aggravates temporomandibular joint inflammation through the NF-kappaB pathway in ovariectomized rats. Arthritis Rheum 2011; 63: 1888–1897. DOI: 10.1002/art.30334.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline26. Wu, YW, Bi, YP, Kou, XX, et al. 17-Beta-estradiol enhanced allodynia of inflammatory temporomandibular joint through upregulation of hippocampal TRPV1 in ovariectomized rats. J Neurosci 2010; 30: 8710–8719. DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.6323-09.2010.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI27. Flake, NM, Bonebreak, DB, Gold, MS. Estrogen and inflammation increase the excitability of rat temporomandibular joint afferent neurons. J Neurophysiol 2005; 93: 1585–1597. DOI: 10.1152/jn.00269.2004.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI28. Kramer, PR, Bellinger, LL. Modulation of temporomandibular joint nociception and inflammation in male rats after administering a physiological concentration of 17beta-oestradiol. Eur J Pain 2013; 17: 174–184. DOI: 10.1002/j.1532-2149.2012.00183.x.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline29. Bi, RY, Meng, Z, Zhang, P, et al. Estradiol upregulates voltage-gated sodium channel 1.7 in trigeminal ganglion contributing to hyperalgesia of inflamed TMJ. PLoS One 2017; 12: e0178589. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178589.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline30. Ginanneschi, F, Milani, P, Filippou, G, et al. Evidences for antinociceptive effect of 17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone caproate in carpal tunnel syndrome. J Mol Neurosci 2012; 47: 59–66. DOI: 10.1007/s12031-011-9679-z.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline31. Roglio, I, Bianchi, R, Gotti, S, et al. Neuroprotective effects of dihydroprogesterone and progesterone in an experimental model of nerve crush injury. Neuroscience 2008; 155: 673–685. DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.06.034.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline32. Meng, ID, Barton, ST, Goodney, I, et al. Progesterone application to the rat forehead produces corneal antinociception. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 60: 1706–1713. DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-26049.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline33. Leonelli, E, Bianchi, R, Cavaletti, G, et al. Progesterone and its derivatives are neuroprotective agents in experimental diabetic neuropathy: a multimodal analysis. Neuroscience 2007; 144: 1293–1304. DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.11.014.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline34. Coronel, MF, Labombarda, F, Villar, MJ, et al. Progesterone prevents allodynia after experimental spinal cord injury. J Pain 2011; 12: 71–83. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2010.04.013.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline35. Kim, MJ, Shin, HJ, Won, KA, et al. Progesterone produces antinociceptive and neuroprotective effects in rats with microinjected lysophosphatidic acid in the trigeminal nerve root. Mol Pain 2012; 8. DOI: 10.1186/1744-8069-8-16.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals36. Moazen, P, Taherianfard, M, Ahmadi Soleimani, M, et al. Synergistic effect of spexin and progesterone on pain sensitivity attenuation in ovariectomized rats. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2018; 45: 349–354. DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12862.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline37. Hornung, RS, Benton, WL, Tongkhuya, S, et al. Progesterone rapidly attenuates estrogen-associated mechanical allodynia in rats with persistent temporomandibular joint inflammation. Front Integr Neurosci 2020; 14: 26. DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2020.00026.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline38. Gee, KW, Bolger, MB, Brinton, RE, et al. Steroid modulation of the chloride ionophore in rat brain: structure-activity requirements, regional dependence and mechanism of action. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1988; 246: 803–812
Google Scholar | Medline39. Meyer, L, Venard, C, Schaeffer, V, et al. The biological activity of 3alpha-hydroxysteroid oxido-reductase in the spinal cord regulates thermal and mechanical pain thresholds after sciatic nerve injury. Neurobiol Dis 2008; 30: 30–41. DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2007.12.001.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline40. Patte-Mensah, C, Meyer, L, Schaeffer, V, et al. Selective regulation of 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid oxido-reductase expression in dorsal root ganglion neurons: a possible mechanism to cope with peripheral nerve injury-induced chronic pain. Pain 2010; 150: 522–534. DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2010.06.004.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline41. Pang, Y, Dong, J, Thomas, P. Characterization, neurosteroid binding and brain distribution of human membrane progesterone receptors delta and (mPRdelta and mPR) and mPRdelta involvement in neurosteroid inhibition of apoptosis. Endocrinology 2013; 154: 283–295. DOI: 10.1210/en.2012-1772.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline42. Johannessen, M, Fontanilla, D, Mavlyutov, T, et al. Antagonist action of progesterone at sigma-receptors in the modulation of voltage-gated sodium channels. Am J Physiology-Cell Physiol 2011; 300: C328–C337. DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00383.2010.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline43. Singh, M, Su, C. Progesterone and neuroprotection. Horm Behav 2013; 63: 284–290. DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2012.06.003.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI