1. Ordás, I, Eckmann, L, Talamini, M, et al. Ulcerative colitis. Lancet 2012; 380(9853): 1606–1619.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline2. Ng, SC, Shi, HY, Hamidi, N, et al. Worldwide incidence and prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease in the 21st century: a systematic review of population-based studies. Lancet 2017; 390(10114): 2769–2778.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline3. Luo, CX, Wen, ZH, Zhen, Y, et al. Chinese research into severe ulcerative colitis has increased in quantity and complexity. World J Clin Cases 2018; 6(3): 35–43.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline4. Corridoni, D, Arseneau, KO, Cominelli, F. Inflammatory bowel disease. Immunol Lett 2014; 161(2): 231–235.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline5. Ahmed, J, Reddy, BS, Mølbak, L, et al. Impact of probiotics on colonic microflora in patients with colitis: a prospective double blind randomised crossover study. Int J Surg 2013; 11(10): 1131–1136.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline6. Shen, ZH, Zhu, CX, Quan, YS, et al. Relationship between intestinal microbiota and ulcerative colitis: mechanisms and clinical application of probiotics and fecal microbiota transplantation. World J Gastroenterol 2018; 24(1): 5–14.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline7. Obczak, M, Fabisiak, A, Murawska, N, et al. Current overview of extrinsic and intrinsic factors in etiology and progression of inflammatory bowel diseases. Pharmacol Rep 2014; 66(5): 766–775.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline8. Hur, SJ, Kang, SH, Jung, HS, et al. Review of natural products actions on cytokines in inflammatory bowel disease. Nutr Res Pract 2012; 32(11): 801–816.
Google Scholar | Crossref9. Toptygina, AP, Semikina, EL, Bobyleva, GV, et al. Cytokine profile in children with inflammatory bowel disease. Biochemistry (Mosc) 2014; 79(12): 1371–1375.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline10. Tian, T, Wang, Z, Zhang, J. Pathomechanisms of oxidative stress in inflammatory bowel disease and potential antioxidant therapies. Oxidative Med Cell Longevity 2017; 2017: 4535194.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline11. Gokce, EH, Sandri, G, Bonferoni, MC, et al. Cyclosporine A loaded SLNs: evaluation of cellular uptake and corneal cytotoxicity. Int J Pharmaceutics 2008; 364(1): 76–86.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline12. Kaulmann, A, Bohn, T. Bioactivity of polyphenols: preventive and adjuvant strategies toward reducing inflammatory bowel diseases-promises, perspectives, and pitfalls. Oxidative Med Cell Longevity 2016; 2016: 9346470.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline13. Khajah, MA, Orabi, KY, Hawai, S, et al. Onion bulb extract reduces colitis severity in mice via modulation of colonic inflammatory pathways and the apoptotic machinery. J Ethnopharmacology 2019; 241: 112008.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline14. Sabino, J, Verstockt, B, Vermeire, S, et al. New biologics and small molecules in inflammatory bowel disease: an update. Ther Adv Gastroenterol 2019; 12: 1756284819853208.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI15. Ke, F, Yadav, PK, Ju, LZ. Herbal medicine in the treatment of ulcerative colitis. Saudi J Gastroenterol 2012; 18(1): 3–10.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline16. Roowi, S, Crozier, A. Flavonoids in tropical citrus species. J Agric Food Chem 2011; 59(22): 12217–12225.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline17. Meirinhos, J, Silva, BM, Valentão, P, et al. Analysis and quantification of flavonoidic compounds from Portuguese olive (Olea europaea L.) leaf cultivars. Nat Prod Res 2005; 19(2): 189–195.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline18. Androutsopoulos, VP, Mahale, S, Arroo, RR, et al. Anticancer effects of the flavonoid diosmetin on cell cycle progression and proliferation of MDA-MB 468 breast cancer cells due to CYP1 activation. Oncol Rep 2009; 21(6): 1525–1528.
Google Scholar | Medline19. Zhao, R, Chen, Z, Jia, G, et al. Protective effects of diosmetin extracted from Galium verum L. on the thymus of U14-bearing mice. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2011; 89(9): 665–673.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline20. Liu, J, Ren, H, Liu, B, et al. Diosmetin inhibits cell proliferation and induces apoptosis by regulating autophagy via the mammalian target of rapamycin pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells. Oncol Lett 2016; 12(6): 4385–4392.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline21. Shanmugam, K, Holmquist, L, Steele, M, et al. Plant-derived polyphenols attenuate lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide and tumour necrosis factor production in murine microglia and macrophages. Mol Nutr Food Res 2008; 52(4): 427–438.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline22. Jang, SW, Liu, X, Yepes, M, et al. A selective TrkB agonist with potent neurotrophic activities by 7,8-dihydroxyflavone. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107(6): 2687–2692.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline23. Chen, X, Wu, Q, Chen, Y, et al. Diosmetin induces apoptosis and enhances the chemotherapeutic efficacy of paclitaxel in non-small cell lung cancer cells via Nrf2 inhibition. Br J Pharmacol 2019; 176(12): 2079–2094.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline24. Wang, SY, Sun, ZL, Liu, T, et al. Flavonoids from Sophora moorcroftiana and their synergistic antibacterial effects on MRSA. Phytotherapy Res 2014; 28(7): 1071–1076.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline25. Liao, W, Ning, Z, Chen, L, et al. Intracellular antioxidant detoxifying effects of diosmetin on 2,2-azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH)-induced oxidative stress through inhibition of reactive oxygen species generation. J Agric Food Chem 2014; 62(34): 8648–8654.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline26. Liu, Q, Ci, X, Wen, Z, et al. Diosmetin alleviates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury through activating the Nrf2 pathway and inhibiting the NLRP3 inflammasome. Biomolecules Ther 2018; 26(2): 157–166.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline27. Li, XL, Cai, YQ, Qin, H, et al. Therapeutic effect and mechanism of proanthocyanidins from grape seeds in rats with TNBS-induced ulcerative colitis. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2008; 86(12): 841–849.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline28. Wang, YH, Ge, B, Yang, XL, et al. Proanthocyanidins from grape seeds modulates the nuclear factor-kappa B signal transduction pathways in rats with TNBS-induced recurrent ulcerative colitis. Int Immunopharmacol 2011; 11(10): 1620–1627.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline29. Mo, G, He, Y, Zhang, X, et al. Diosmetin exerts cardioprotective effect on myocardial ischaemia injury in neonatal rats by decreasing oxidative stress and myocardial apoptosis. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2020; 47(10): 1713–1722.
Google Scholar | Medline30. Ballester, I, Daddaoua, A, López-Posadas, R, et al. The bisphosphonate alendronate improves the damage associated with trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid-induced colitis in rats. Br J Pharmacol 2007; 151(2): 206–215.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline31. Motavallian-Naeini, A, Andalib, S, Rabbani, M, et al. Validation and optimization of experimental colitis induction in rats using 2, 4, 6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid. Res Pharm Sci 2012; 7(3): 159–169.
Google Scholar | Medline32. Misra, HP, Fridovich, I. The role of superoxide anion in the autoxidation of epinephrine and a simple assay for superoxide dismutase. J Biol Chem 1972; 247(10): 3170–3175.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI33. Sinha, AK . Colorimetric assay of catalase. Anal Biochem 1972; 47(2): 389–394.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI34. Heath, RL, Packer, L. Photoperoxidation in isolated chloroplasts. I. Kinetics and stoichiometry of fatty acid peroxidation. Arch Biochem Biophys 1968; 125(1): 189–198.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline35. Roy, S, Sil, A, Chakraborty, T. Potentiating apoptosis and modulation of p53, Bcl2, and Bax by a novel chrysin ruthenium complex for effective chemotherapeutic efficacy against breast cancer. J Cell Comp Physiol 2019; 234(4): 4888–4909.
Google Scholar | Crossref36. Soliman, GA, Gabr, GA, Al-Saikhan, FI, et al. Protective effects of two Astragalus species on ulcerative colitis in rats. Trop J Pharm Res 2016; 15: 2155–2163.
Google Scholar | Crossref37. Hibi, T, Ogata, H, Sakuraba, A. Animal models of inflammatory bowel disease. J Gastroenterol 2002; 37(6): 409–417.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline38. Crcarevska, MS, Dodov, MG, Petrusevska, G, et al. Bioefficacy of budesonide loaded crosslinked polyelectrolyte micro particles in rat model of induced colitis. J Drug Target 2009; 17(10): 788–802.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline39. Ingawale, DK, Mandlik, SK, Patel, SS. Hecogenin and fluticasone combination attenuates TNBS-induced ulcerative colitis in rats via downregulation of pro-inflammatory mediators and oxidative stress. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2021; 43(2): 160–170.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline40. Zhang, Y, Zha, Z, Shen, W, et al. Anemoside B4 ameliorates TNBS-induced colitis through S100A9/MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway. Chin Med 2021; 16(1): 11.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline41. Ishiguro, K, Ando, T, Maeda, O, et al. Novel mouse model of colitis characterized by hapten-protein visualization. Biotechniques 2010; 49(3): 641–648.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline42. Hunschede, S, Kubant, R, Akilen, R, et al. Decreased appetite after high-intensity exercise correlates with increased plasma interleukin-6 in normal-weight and overweight/obese boys. Curr Dev Nutr 2017; 1(3): e000398.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline43. El-Abhar, HS, Hammad, LN, Gawad, HS. Modulating effect of ginger extract on rats with ulcerative colitis. J Ethnopharmacol 2008; 118(3): 367–372.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline44. Harputluoglu, MM, Demirel, U, Yücel, N, et al. The effects of Gingko biloba extract on acetic acid-induced colitis in rats. Turkish J Gastroenterol 2006; 17(3): 177–182.
Google Scholar | Medline45. Al-Rejaie, SS, Abuohashish, HM, Ahmed, MM, et al. Possible biochemical effects following inhibition of ethanol-induced gastric mucosa damage by Gymnema sylvestre in male Wistar albino rats. Pharm Biol 2012; 50(12): 1542–1550.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline46. Duerr, RH . Update on the genetics of inflammatory bowel disease. J Clin Gastroenterol 2003; 37(5): 358–367.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline47. Sands, BE . Therapy of inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology 2000; 118(2 Suppl 1): S68–S82.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline48. Awaad, AS, Alafeefy, AM, Alasmary, FAS, et al. Anti-ulcerogenic and anti-ulcerative colitis (UC) activities of seven amines derivatives. Saudi Pharm J 2017; 25(8): 1125–1129.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline49. Rana, SV, Sharma, S, Prasad, KK, et al. Role of oxidative stress & antioxidant defense in ulcerative colitis patients from north India. Indian J Med Res 2014; 139(4): 568–571.
Google Scholar | Medline50. Seguí, J, Gironella, M, Sans, M, et al. Superoxide dismutase ameliorates TNBS-induced colitis by reducing oxidative stress, adhesion molecule expression, and leukocyte recruitment into the inflamed intestine. J Leukoc Biol 2004; 76(3): 537–544.