1. Woods, JH . The Yoga-Sutra of Patanjali. Dover; 1927/2003.
Google Scholar2. Murphy, M, Donovan, S, Taylor, E. The physical and psychological effects of meditation: a review of contemporary research with a comprehensive bibliography, 1931–1996. Institute of Noetic Sciences. 1997:1931-1996. (2 ed.).
Google Scholar3. Kabat-Zinn, J . Full catastrophe living: the program of the stress reduction clinic at the University of Massachusetts Medical Center. Dell Publishing; 1990. p. 21–48.
Google Scholar4. Romas, JA, Sharma, M. Practical Stress Management. A Comprehensive Workbook. 7th ed. Academic Press; 2017.
Google Scholar5. Sharma, M . Introspective Meditations for Complete Contentment (Santosha). Health for All, Inc; 2018.
Google Scholar6. Van Dam, NT, van Vugt, MK, Vago, DR, et al. Mind the hype: a critical evaluation and prescriptive agenda for research on mindfulness and meditation [published correction appears in Perspect Psychol Sci. 2020 Sep;15(5):1289–1290]. Perspect Psychol Sci. 2018;13(1):36-61. doi:10.1177/1745691617709589
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI7. Lauricella, S . The ancient-turned-New concept of “spiritual hygiene”: an investigation of media coverage of meditation from 1979 to 2014. J Relig Health. 2016;55(5):1748-1762. doi:10.1007/s10943-016-0262-3
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline8. Burke, A, Lam, CN, Stussman, B, Yang, H. Prevalence and patterns of use of mantra, mindfulness and spiritual meditation among adults in the United States. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2017;17(1):316. doi:10.1186/s12906-017-1827-8. Published 2017 Jun 15.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline9. Macinko, J, Upchurch, DM. Factors associated with the use of meditation, U.S. adults 2017. J Altern Complement Med. 2019;25(9):920-927. doi:10.1089/acm.2019.0206
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline10. Levine, GN, Lange, RA, Bairey-Merz, CN, et al. Meditation and cardiovascular risk reduction: a scientific statement from the American heart association. J Am Heart Assoc. 2017;6(10):e002218. doi:10.1161/JAHA.117.002218. Published 2017 Sep 28.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline11. Goyal, M, Singh, S, Sibinga, EM, et al. Meditation programs for psychological stress and well-being: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Intern Med. 2014;174(3):357-368. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.13018
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI12. Saeed, SA, Cunningham, K, Bloch, RM. Depression and anxiety disorders: benefits of exercise, yoga, and meditation. Am Fam Physician. 2019;99(10):620-627.
Google Scholar | Medline13. Pokorski, M, Suchorzynska, A. Psychobehavioral effects of meditation. In pulmonary disorders and therapy. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2018;1023:85-91. doi:10.1007/5584_2017_52
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline14. Basso, JC, McHale, A, Ende, V, Oberlin, DJ, Suzuki, WA. Brief, daily meditation enhances attention, memory, mood, and emotional regulation in non-experienced meditators. Behav Brain Res. 2019;356:208-220. doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2018.08.023
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline15. Ball, EF, Nur Shafina, M, Sharizan, E, Franklin, G, Rogozińska, E. Does mindfulness meditation improve chronic pain? A systematic review. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol. 2017;29(6):359-366. doi:10.1097/GCO.0000000000000417
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline16. Edwards, MK, Loprinzi, PD. Comparative effects of meditation and exercise on physical and psychosocial health outcomes: a review of randomized controlled trials. Postgrad Med. 2018;130(2):222-228. doi:10.1080/00325481.2018.1409049
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline17. Zgierska, AE, Burzinski, CA, Cox, J, et al. Mindfulness meditation and cognitive behavioral therapy intervention reduces pain severity and sensitivity in opioid-treated chronic low back pain: pilot findings from a randomized controlled trial. Pain Med. 2016;17(10):1865-1881. doi:10.1093/pm/pnw006
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline18. Wells, RE, Burch, R, Paulsen, RH, Wayne, PM, Houle, TT, Loder, E. Meditation for migraines: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Headache. 2014;54(9):1484-1495. doi:10.1111/head.12420
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline19. Schlosser, M, Sparby, T, Vörös, S, Jones, R, Marchant, NL. Unpleasant meditation-related experiences in regular meditators: prevalence, predictors, and conceptual considerations. PLoS One. 2019;14(5):e0216643. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0216643. Published 2019 May 9.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline20. Bridges, L, Sharma, M. The efficacy of yoga as a form of treatment for depression. J Evid Based Complementary Altern Med. 2017;22(4):1017-1028. doi:10.1177/2156587217715927
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI21. Haider, T, Sharma, M, Branscum, P. Yoga as an alternative and complementary therapy for cardiovascular disease: a systematic review. J Evid Based Complementary Altern Med. 2017;22(2):310-316. doi:10.1177/2156587215627390
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI22. Sharma, M, Lingam, VC, Nahar, VK. A systematic review of yoga interventions as integrative treatment in breast cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2016;142(12):2523-2540. doi:10.1007/s00432-016-2269-2
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline23. Sharma, M . Theoretical Foundations of Health Education and Health Promotion. 4th ed. Jones and Bartlett Learning; 2021.
Google Scholar24. Sharma, M . Multi-theory model (MTM) for health behavior change. WebmedCentral. 2015;6(9):WMC004982. Behaviour. Available at: http://www.webmedcentral.com/article_view/4982.
Google Scholar25. Rosenstock, IM, Strecher, VJ, Becker, MH. Social learning theory and the health belief model. Health Educ Q. 1988;15(2):175-183. doi:10.1177/109019818801500203
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI26. Bandura, A . Social Foundations of Thought and Action. Prentice-Hall; 1986.
Google Scholar27. Ajzen, I . The theory of planned behavior. Organ Behav Hum Decis Process. 1991;50:179-211.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI28. Sallis, JF, Owen, N. Ecological models of health behavior. In: Glanz, K, Rimer, BK, Viswanath, K, eds. Health Behavior and Health Education. Theory, Research, and Practice (5th ed.). Jossey-Bass; 2015:43-64.
Google Scholar29. Goleman, D . Emotional Intelligence. Bantam; 1995.
Google Scholar30. Freire, P . Pedagogy of the Oppressed. Continuum; 1970.
Google Scholar31. House, JS . Work Stress and Social Support. Addison-Wesley; 1981.
Google Scholar32. Dokun-Mowete, CA, Sharma, M, Beatty, F. Using multitheory model to predict low-salt intake among Nigerian adults living with hypertension. Int Q Community Health Educ. 2019;39(4):245-255. doi:10.1177/0272684X18821308
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI33. Nahar, VK, Sharma, M, Catalano, HP, Ickes, MJ, Johnson, P, Ford, MA. Testing multi-theory model (MTM) in predicting initiation and sustenance of physical activity behavior among college students. Health Promot Perspect. 2016;6(2):58-65. doi:10.15171/hpp.2016.11. Published 2016 Jun 11.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline34. Sharma, M, Anyimukwu, C, Kim, RW, Nahar, VK, Ford, MA. Predictors of responsible drinking or abstinence among college students who binge drink: a multitheory model approach. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 2018;118(8):519-530. doi:10.7556/jaoa.2018.120
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline35. Bashirian, S, Barati, M, Sharma, M, Abasi, H, Karami, M. Water pipe smoking reduction in the male adolescent students: an educational intervention using multi-theory model. J Res Health Sci. 2019;19(1):e00438. Published 2019 Feb 5.
Google Scholar | Medline36. Brown, L, Sharma, M, Leggett, S, Sung, JH, Bennett, RL, Azevedo, M. Efficacy testing of the SAVOR (sisters adding fruits and vegetables for optimal results) intervention among African American women: a randomized controlled trial. Health Promot Perspect. 2020;10(3):270-280. doi:10.34172/hpp.2020.41. Published 2020 Jul 12.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline37. Hayes, T, Sharma, M, Shahbazi, M, Sung, JH, Bennett, R, Reese-Smith, J. The evaluation of a fourth-generation multi-theory model (MTM) based intervention to initiate and sustain physical activity. Health Promot Perspect. 2019;9(1):13-23. doi:10.15171/hpp.2019.02. Published 2019 Jan 23.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline38. Fishbein, M . An integrative model for behavioral prediction and its application to health promotion. In: DiClemente, RJ, Crosby, RA, Kegler, MC, eds. Emerging Theories in Health Promotion Practice and Research (2nd ed.). Jossey-Bass; 2009:215-234.
Google Scholar39. Cohen, S, Kamarck, T, Mermelstein, R. A global measure of perceived stress. J Health Soc Behav. 1983;24(4):385-396.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI40. Faul, F, Erdfelder, E, Lang, AG, Buchner, A. G*power 3: a flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behav Res Methods. 2007;39(2):175-191. doi:10.3758/bf03193146
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI41. Lipsey, MW, Wilson, DB. The efficacy of psychological, educational, and behavioral treatment. Confirmation from meta-analysis. Am Psychol. 1993;48(12):1181-1209. doi:10.1037//0003-066x.48.12.1181
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI42. United States Census Bureau . Age and Sex Composition:2010. 2010 Census briefs; 2011, Accessed February 28, 2020. https://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-03.pdf. Accessed 2020 Nov 14.
Google Scholar43. Tabachnick, BG, Fidell, LS. Using Multivariate Statistics. 7th ed. Pearson; 2018.
Google Scholar44. Sharma, M, Petosa, RL. Measurement and evaluation for health educators. Jones and Bartlett; 2014. p. 73–102.
Google Scholar45. Hu, LT, Bentler, PM. Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal. 1999;6(1):1-55. doi:10.1080/10705519909540118
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI46. Williams, LJ, Vandenberg, RJ, Edwards, JR. 12 structural equation modeling in management research: a guide for improved analysis. Academy of Management Annals. 2009;3(1):543-604. doi:10.1080/19416520903065683
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI47. Bandura, A . Self-efficacy: The Exercise of Control. W. H. Freeman; 1997.
Google Scholar48. Goldstein, L, Nidich, SI, Goodman, R, Goodman, D. The effect of transcendental meditation on self-efficacy, perceived stress, and quality of life in mothers in Uganda. Health Care Women Int. 2018;39(7):734-754. doi:10.1080/07399332.2018.1445254
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline49. Hayes, T, Sharma, M, Hernandez Morales, VLA, Brown, L, Di, W. Using the multi-theory model (MTM) of health behavior change to explain yoga practice [published online ahead of print, 2020 Aug 20]. Altern Ther Health Med. 2020:AT6395.
Google Scholar | Medline50. Allan, JL, McMinn, D, Daly, M. A bidirectional relationship between executive function and health behavior: evidence, implications, and future directions. Front Neurosci. 2016;10:386. doi:10.3389/fnins.2016.00386. Published 2016 Aug 23.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline51. Ben-Zeev, A . The Subtlety of Emotions. Massachusetts Institute of Technology; 2000.
Google Scholar | Crossref52. Gross, JJ . Emotion regulation: affective, cognitive, and social consequences. Psychophysiology. 2002;39(3):281-291. doi:10.1017/s0048577201393198
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI53. Valim, CPRAT, Marques, LM, Boggio, PS. A positive emotional-based meditation but not mindfulness-based meditation improves emotion regulation. Front Psychol. 2019;10:647. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00647. Published 2019 Mar 28.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline54. Erbe, RG, Middlestadt, SE, Lohrmann, DK, Beckmeyer, JJ. A salient belief elicitation examining adolescents’ meditation beliefs using the reasoned action approach. Health Promot Pract. 2020;21(4):633-641. doi:10.1177/1524839918811803