1. Riley, L, Cowan, M. Noncommunicable diseases country profiles 2014. World Health Organization, Geneva, 2014.
Google Scholar2. Bodenheimer, T, Chen, E, Bennett, HD. Confronting the growing burden of chronic disease: can the U.S. Health Care Workforce do the job? Health Aff (Millwood) 2009; 28(1): 64–74.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI3. Van Hecke, A, Heinen, M, Fernández-Ortega, P, et al. Systematic literature review on effectiveness of self-management support interventions in patients with chronic conditions and low socio-economic status. J Adv Nurs 2017; 73(4): 775–793.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline4. Kay, M, Santos, J, Takane, M. mHealth: new horizons for health through mobile technologies. World Health Organization, Geneva, 2011.
Google Scholar5. Matthew-Maich, N, Harris, L, Ploeg, J, et al. Designing, implementing, and evaluating mobile health technologies for managing chronic conditions in older adults: a scoping review. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2016; 4(2): e29.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline6. Lee, J-A, Choi, M, Lee, SA, et al. Effective behavioral intervention strategies using mobile health applications for chronic disease management: a systematic review. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak 2018; 18(1): 12.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline7. Whitehead, L, Seaton, P. The effectiveness of self-management mobile phone and tablet apps in long-term condition management: a systematic review. J Med Internet Res 2016; 18(5): e97.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline8. Institute of Medicine Committee on the Crossing the Quality Chasm: Next Steps Toward a New Health Care Study , Adams, K, Greiner, AC, Corrigan, JM. The 1st annual crossing the quality chasm summit: a focus on communities. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US), 2004.
Google Scholar9. Monroe, CM, Thompson, DL, Bassett, DR, et al. Usability of mobile phones in physical activity–related research: a systematic review. Am J Health Educ 2015; 46(4): 196–206.
Google Scholar | Crossref10. McCarroll, R, Eyles, H, Ni Mhurchu, C. Effectiveness of mobile health (mHealth) interventions for promoting healthy eating in adults: a systematic review. Prev Med 2017; 105: 156–168.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline11. Whittemore, R, Chao, A, Jang, M, et al. Methods for knowledge synthesis: an overview. Heart Lung 2014; 43(5): 453–461.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline12. Buck, HG, Shadmi, E, Topaz, M, et al. Theoretical examination of chronic illness mHealth interventions. Res Nurs Health 2021; 44(47): 59.
Google Scholar13. Wong, G, Greenhalgh, T, Westhorp, G, et al. RAMESES publication standards: realist syntheses. BMC Med 2013; 11(1): 21.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline14. Pawson, R, Greenhalgh, T, Harvey, G, et al. Realist review—a new method of systematic review designed for complex policy interventions. J Health Serv Res Policy 2005; 10(Suppl 1): 21–34.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals15. Agarwal, P, Mukerji, G, Desveaux, L, et al. Mobile app for improved self-management of type 2 diabetes: multicenter pragmatic randomized controlled trial. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2019; 7(1): e10321.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline16. Liu, W-T, Huang, C-D, Wang, C-H, et al. A mobile telephone-based interactive self-care system improves asthma control. Eur Respir J 2011; 37(2): 310–317.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI17. Chandler, J, Sox, L, Kellam, K, et al. Impact of a culturally tailored mHealth medication regimen self-management program upon blood pressure among hypertensive Hispanic adults. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2019; 16(7): 1226.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline18. Varnfield, M, Karunanithi, M, Lee, C-K, et al. Smartphone-based home care model improved use of cardiac rehabilitation in postmyocardial infarction patients: results from a randomised controlled trial. Heart 2014; 100(22): 1770–1779.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline19. Kim, EK, Kwak, SH, Jung, HS, et al. The effect of a smartphone-based, patient-centered diabetes care system in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized, controlled trial for 24 weeks. Diabetes Care 2019; 42(1): 3–9.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline20. Plow, M, Golding, M. Using mHealth technology in a self-management intervention to promote physical activity among adults with chronic disabling conditions: randomized controlled trial. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2017; 5(12): e185.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline21. Lee, W, Chae, YM, Kim, S, et al. Evaluation of a mobile phone-based diet game for weight control. J Telemed Telecare 2010; 16(5): 270–275.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI22. Sieber, J, Flacke, F, Link, M, et al. Improved glycemic control in a patient group performing 7-point profile self-monitoring of blood glucose and intensive data documentation: an open-label, multicenter, observational study. Diabetes Ther 2017; 8(5): 1079–1085.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline23. Toro-Ramos, T, Kim, Y, Wood, M, et al. Efficacy of a mobile hypertension prevention delivery platform with human coaching. J Hum Hypertens 2017; 31: 795–800.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline24. Cook, KA, Modena, BD, Simon, RA. Improvement in asthma control using a minimally burdensome and proactive application. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2016; 4(4): 730–737.e1.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline25. Ryan, EA, Holland, J, Stroulia, E, et al. Improved A1C levels in type 1 diabetes with smartphone app use. Can J Diabetes 2017; 41(1): 33–40.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline26. Seto, E, Leonard, KJ, Cafazzo, JA, et al. Mobile phone-based telemonitoring for heart failure management: a randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res 2012; 14(1): e31.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI27. Nundy, S, Razi, RR, Dick, JJ, et al. A text messaging intervention to improve heart failure self-management after hospital discharge in a largely African-American population: before-after study. J Med Internet Res 2013; 15(3): e53.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline28. Martin, SS, Feldman, DI, Blumenthal, RS, et al. mActive: a randomized clinical trial of an automated mHealth intervention for physical activity promotion. J Am Heart Assoc 2015; 4(11): e002239.
Google Scholar | Crossref29. Quinn, CC, Shardell, MD, Terrin, ML, et al. Cluster-randomized trial of a mobile phone personalized behavioral intervention for blood glucose control. Diabetes Care 2011; 34(9): 1934–1942.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI30. Chow, CK, Redfern, J, Hillis, GS, et al. Effect of lifestyle-focused text messaging on risk factor modification in patients with coronary heart disease: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2015; 314(12): 1255–1263.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI31. Mallow, JA, Theeke, LA, Theeke, E, et al. The effectiveness of mI SMART: a nurse practitioner led technology intervention for multiple chronic conditions in primary care. Int J Nurs Sci 2018; 5(2): 131–137.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline32. Mira, JJ, Navarro, I, Botella, F, et al. A Spanish pillbox app for elderly patients taking multiple medications: randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res 2014; 16(4): e99.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline33. Beebe, J . Rapid assessment process: an introduction. New York: Altamira Press, 2001.
Google Scholar34. Kleinman, NJ, Shah, A, Shah, S, et al. Improved medication adherence and frequency of blood glucose self-testing using an m-Health platform versus usual care in a multisite randomized clinical trial among people with type 2 diabetes in India. Telemed E Health 2017; 23(9): 733–740.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline35. Waki, K, Fujita, H, Uchimura, Y, et al. DialBetics: a novel smartphone-based self-management support system for type 2 diabetes patients. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2014; 8(2): 209–215.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals36. Kirwan, M, Vandelanotte, C, Fenning, A, et al. Diabetes self-management smartphone application for adults with type 1 diabetes: randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res 2013; 15(11): e235.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI37. Fukuoka, Y, Gay, CL, Joiner, KL, et al. A novel diabetes prevention intervention using a mobile app. Am J Prev Med 2015; 49(2): 223–237.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline38. Isetta, V, Torres, M, González, K, et al. A new mHealth application to support treatment of sleep apnoea patients. J Telemed Telecare 2017; 23(1): 14–18.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI39. Selter, A, Tsangouri, C, Ali, SB, et al. An mHealth app for self-management of chronic lower back pain (Limbr): pilot study. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2018; 6(9): e179.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline40. Adams, ZW, Sieverdes, JC, Brunner-Jackson, B, et al. Meditation smartphone application effects on prehypertensive adults’ blood pressure: dose-response feasibility trial. Health Psychol 2018; 37(9): 850–860.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline41. Lim, S, Kang, SM, Shin, H, et al. Improved glycemic control without hypoglycemia in elderly diabetic patients using the ubiquitous healthcare service, a new medical information system. Diabetes Care 2011; 34(2): 308–313.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI42. Torbjørnsen, A, Jenum, AK, Småstuen, MC, et al. A low-intensity mobile health intervention with and without health counseling for persons with type 2 diabetes, part 1: baseline and short-term results from a randomized controlled trial in the Norwegian part of RENEWING HEALTH. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2014; 2(4): e52.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI43. Chhabra, HS, Sharma, S, Verma, S. Smartphone app in self-management of chronic low back pain: a randomized controlled trial. Eur Spine J 2018; 27(11): 2862–2874.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline44. Skrepnik, N, Spitzer, A, Altman, R, et al. Assessing the impact of a novel smartphone application compared with standard follow-up on mobility of patients with knee osteoarthritis following treatment with Hylan G-F 20: a randomized controlled trial. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2017; 5(5): e64.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline45. Ong, SW, Jassal, SV, Miller, JA, et al. Integrating a smartphone-based self-management system into usual care of advanced CKD. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2016; 11(6): 1054–1062.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline46. Arora, S, Peters, AL, Burner, E, et al. Trial to examine text message-based mHealth in emergency department patients with diabetes (TExt-MED): a randomized controlled trial. Ann Emerg Med 2014; 63(6): 745–54.e6.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline47. Goh, G, Tan, NC, Malhotra, R, et al. Short-term trajectories of use of a caloric-monitoring mobile phone app among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in a primary care setting. J Med Internet Res 2015; 17(2): e33.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline48. Tinetti, ME, Fried, TR, Boyd, CM. Designing health care for the most common chronic condition—multimorbidity. J Am Med Assoc 2012; 307(23): 2493–2494.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI49. Ofori-Asenso, R, Chin, KL, Curtis, AJ, et al. Recent patterns of multimorbidity among older adults in high-income countries. Popul Health Manag 2019; 22(2): 127–137.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline50. Talmon, J, Ammenwerth, E, Geven, T. The quality of reporting of health informatics evaluation studies: a pilot study. Stud Health Technol Inform 2007; 129(Pt 1): 193–197.
Google Scholar | Medline