1. Lawrence, ES, Coshall, C, Dundas, R, et al. Estimates of the prevalence of acute stroke impairments and disability in a multiethnic population. Stroke 2001; 32: 1279–1284.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI2. Rathore, SS, Hinn, AR, Cooper, LS, et al. Characterization of incident stroke signs and symptoms: findings from the atherosclerosis risk in communities study. Stroke 2002; 33: 2718–2721.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI3. Coscia, M, Wessel, MJ, Chaudary, U, et al. Neurotechnology-aided interventions for upper limb motor rehabilitation in severe chronic stroke. Brain 2019; 142: 2182–2197.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline4. Carey, LM. Review on somatosensory loss after stroke. Crit Rev Phys Rehabil Med 2017; 29: 1–46.
Google Scholar | Crossref5. Kessner, SS, Schlemm, E, Cheng, B, et al. Somatosensory deficits after ischemic stroke. Stroke 2019; 50: 1116–1123.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline6. Nowak, DA, Hermsdörfer, J, Topka, H. Deficits of predictive grip force control during object manipulation in acute stroke. J Neurol 2003; 250: 850–860.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI7. Blennerhassett, JM, Matyas, TA, Carey, LM. Impaired discrimination of surface friction contributes to pinch grip deficit after stroke. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2007; 21: 263–272.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI8. Borstad, AL, Nichols-Larsen, DS. Assessing and treating higher level somatosensory impairments post stroke. Top Stroke Rehabil 2014; 21: 290–295.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI9. Patel, AT, Duncan, PW, Lai, SM, et al. The relation between impairments and functional outcomes poststroke. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2000; 81: 1357–1363.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI10. Tyson, SF, Hanley, M, Chillala, J, et al. Sensory loss in hospital-admitted people with stroke: characteristics, associated factors, and relationship with function. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2008; 22: 166–172.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI11. Ingemanson, ML, Rowe, JR, Chan, V, et al. Somatosensory system integrity explains differences in treatment response after stroke. Neurology 2019; 92: e1098–e1108.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline12. Uswatte, G, Taub, E. Implications of the learned nonuse formulation for measuring rehabilitation outcomes: lessons from constraint-induced movement therapy. Rehabil Psychol 2005; 50: 34–42.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI13. Taub, E, Uswatte, G, King, DK, et al. A placebo-controlled trial of constraint-induced movement therapy for upper extremity after stroke. Stroke 2006; 37: 1045–1049.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI14. Park, SW, Wolf, SL, Blanton, S, et al. The EXCITE Trial: predicting a clinically meaningful motor activity log outcome. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2008; 22: 486–493.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI15. Rafiei, MH, Kelly, KM, Borstad, AL, et al. Predicting improved daily use of the more affected arm poststroke following constraint-induced movement therapy. Phys Ther 2019; 99: 1667–1678.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline16. Fujiwara, T, Kawakami, M, Honaga, K, et al. Hybrid assistive neuromuscular dynamic stimulation therapy: a new strategy for improving upper extremity function in patients with hemiparesis following stroke. Neural Plast 2017; 2017: 2350137.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline17. Muraoka, Y. Development of an EMG recording device from stimulation electrodes for functional electrical stimulation. Front Med Biol Eng 2002; 11: 323–333.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline18. Fugl-Meyer, AR, Jääskö, L, Leyman, I, et al. The post-stroke hemiplegic patient. 1. A method for evaluation of physical performance. Scand J Rehabil Med 1975; 7: 13–31.
Google Scholar | Medline19. Hsieh, YW, Wu, CY, Lin, KC, et al. Responsiveness and validity of three outcome measures of motor function after stroke rehabilitation. Stroke 2009; 40: 1386–1391.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI20. Amano, S, Umeji, A, Uchita, A, et al. Clinimetric properties of the Fugl-Meyer assessment with adapted guidelines for the assessment of arm function in hemiparetic patients after stroke. Top Stroke Rehabil 2018; 25: 500–508.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline21. Page, SJ, Fulk, GD, Boyne, P. Clinically important differences for the upper-extremity Fugl-Meyer Scale in people with minimal to moderate impairment due to chronic stroke. Phys Ther 2012; 92: 791–798.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI22. Shindo, K, Fujiwara, T, Hara, J, et al. Effectiveness of hybrid assistive neuromuscular dynamic stimulation therapy in patients with subacute stroke: a randomized controlled pilot trial. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2011; 25: 830–837.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI23. Taub, E, Miller, NE, Novack, TA, et al. Technique to improve chronic motor deficit after stroke. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1993; 74: 347–354.
Google Scholar | Medline | ISI24. Uswatte, G, Taub, E. Implications of the learned nonuse formulation for measuring rehabilitation outcomes: lessons from constraint-induced movement therapy. Rehabil Psychol 2005; 50: 34–42.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI25. Uswatte, G, Taub, E, Morris, D, et al. Reliability and validity of the upper-extremity Motor Activity Log-14 for measuring real-world arm use. Stroke 2005; 36: 2493–2496.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI26. van der Lee, JH, Beckerman, H, Knol, DL, et al. Clinimetric properties of the motor activity log for the assessment of arm use in hemiparetic patients. Stroke 2004; 35: 1410–1414.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI27. Takahashi, K, Domen, K, Sano, K, et al. Reliability and validity of Motor Activity Log in Japan. J Jpn Ass Occup Ther 2009; 28: 628–636.
Google Scholar28. van der Lee, JH, Wagenaar, RC, Lankhorst, GJ, et al. Forced use of the upper extremity in chronic stroke patients: results from a single-blind randomized clinical trial. Stroke 1999; 30: 2369–2375.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI29. Meseguer-Henarejos, AB, Sánchez-Meca, J, López-Pina, JA, et al. Inter- and intra-rater reliability of the Modified Ashworth Scale: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med 2018; 54: 576–590.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline30. Chen, CL, Chen, CY, Chen, HC, et al. Responsiveness and minimal clinically important difference of Modified Ashworth Scale in patients with stroke. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med 2019; 55: 754–760.
Google Scholar | Medline31. Weinstein, S. Fifty years of somatosensory research: from the Semmes-Weinstein monofilaments to the Weinstein Enhanced Sensory Test. J Hand Ther 1993; 6: 11–22; discussion 50.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline32. Bell-Krotoski, JA, Fess, EE, Figarola, JH, et al. Threshold detection and Semmes-Weinstein monofilaments. J Hand Ther 1995; 8: 155–162.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline33. Suda, M, Kawakami, M, Okuyama, K, et al. Validity and reliability of the Semmes-Weinstein Monofilament test and the thumb localizing test in patients with stroke. Front Neurol 2021; 11: 625917.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline34. Hirayama, K, Fukutake, T, Kawamura, M. ‘Thumb localizing test’ for detecting a lesion in the posterior column-medial lemniscal system. J Neurol Sci 1999; 167: 45–49.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI35. Otaka, E, Otaka, Y, Kasuga, S, et al. Reliability of the thumb localizing test and its validity against quantitative measures with a robotic device in patients with hemiparetic stroke. PLoS ONE 2020; 15: e0236437.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline36. Fritz, SL, Light, KE, Patterson, TS, et al. Active finger extension predicts outcomes after constraint-induced movement therapy for individuals with hemiparesis after stroke. Stroke 2005; 36: 1172–1177.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI37. Lin, KC, Huang, YH, Hsieh, YW, et al. Potential predictors of motor and functional outcomes after distributed constraint-induced therapy for patients with stroke. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2009; 23: 336–342.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI38. Hamaguchi, T, Yamada, N, Hada, T, et al. Prediction of motor recovery in the upper extremity for repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation and occupational therapy goal setting in patients with chronic stroke: a retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data. Front Neurol 2020; 11: 581186.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline39. Baltar, A, Piscitelli, D, Marques, D, et al. Baseline motor impairment predicts transcranial direct current stimulation combined with physical therapy-induced improvement in individuals with chronic stroke. Neural Plast 2020; 2020: 8859394.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline40. Hsieh, YW, Lin, KC, Wu, CY, et al. Predicting clinically significant changes in motor and functional outcomes after robot-assisted stroke rehabilitation. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2014; 95: 316–321.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline41. Lee, YY, Hsieh, YW, Wu, CY, et al. Proximal Fugl-Meyer assessment scores predict clinically important upper limb improvement after 3 stroke rehabilitative interventions. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2015; 96: 2137–2144.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline42. George, SH, Rafiei, MH, Gauthier, L, et al. Computer-aided prediction of extent of motor recovery following constraint-induced movement therapy in chronic stroke. Behav Brain Res 2017; 329: 191–199.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline43. Wolf, SL, Thompson, PA, Winstein, CJ, et al. The EXCITE stroke trial: comparing early and delayed constraint-induced movement therapy. Stroke 2010; 41: 2309–2315.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI44. Wolpert, DM, Diedrichsen, J, Flanagan, JR. Principles of sensorimotor learning. Nat Rev Neurosci 2011; 12: 739–751.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI45. Li, KY, Lin, KC, Wang, TN, et al. Ability of three motor measures to predict functional outcomes reported by stroke patients after rehabilitation. Neurorehabilitation 2012; 30: 267–275.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI46. Li, YC, Liao, WW, Hsieh, YW, et al. Predictors of clinically important changes in actual and perceived functional arm use of the affected upper limb after rehabilitative therapy in chronic stroke. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2020; 101: 442–449.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline47. Molle, Da, Costa, RD, Luvizutto, GJ, Martins, LG, et al. Clinical factors associated with the development of nonuse learned after stroke: a prospective study. Top Stroke Rehabil 2019; 26: 511–517.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline