This study was supported by grants from the European Foundation for the Study of Diabetes (EFSD)/Chinese Diabetes Society (CDS)/Lilly programme for Collaborative Research between China and Europe, and the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK100790). This project also used core facilities supported by the NORC Center Grant P30 DK072476, and the COBRE Center Grant P30 GM118430. G Hu was partly supported by the grant from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences (U54GM104940). A Baccarelli was partially supported by a grant from the National Institute of Environmental Health Studies (P30ES009089). L Hou was partially supported by the American Heart Association Children’s Strategically Focused Research Network. BT Joyce was partially supported by an American Heart Association Career Development Award (Grant number 19CDA34630050). H Liu was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin, China (19JCYBJC28000). The authors have no other relevant affiliations or financial involvement with any organization or entity with a financial interest in or financial conflict with the subject matter or materials discussed in the manuscript apart from those disclosed.

No writing assistance was utilized in the production of this manuscript.