This study was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (82073633, 81973126, 81573223) and special fund for Health scientific research in the public welfare (201502006, 201002007). SATSA was funded by NIH (grants AG04563 and AG10175), the MacArthur Foundation Research Network on Successful Aging, the Swedish Research Council for Working Life and Social Research (FAS; grants 97:0147:1B, 2009-0795) and the Swedish Research Council (825-2007-7460 and 825-2009-6141). This work was supported by the Swedish Research Council (2015-03255), The Foundation for Gamla Tjänarinnor (2018-00688), the KI Foundation, the Strategic Research Area in Epidemiology at Karolinska Institutet, Erik Rönnbergs donation for scientific studies in aging and age-related diseases. X Qin was supported by King Gustaf V’s and Queen Victorias Freemason Foundation, The Foundation for Gamla Tjänarinnor (2018-00688), and the China Scholarship Council for one year study at Karolinska Institutet between 2020 and 2021. The SNP&SEQ Platform is also supported by the Swedish Research Council and the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation. The Swedish Twin Registry is managed by Karolinska Institutet and receives funding through the Swedish Research Council under the grant no 2017-00641. The authors have no other relevant affiliations or financial involvement with any organization or entity with a financial interest in or financial conflict with the subject matter or materials discussed in the manuscript apart from those disclosed.

Writing assistance was utilized in the production of this manuscript by Editage using funding from National Natural Science Foundation of China (82073633, 81973126, 81573223).