These authors contributed equally: Nomonde Bengu, Gabriela Cromhout, Emily Adland.

Queen Nandi Regional Hospital, Empangeni, South Africa

Nomonde Bengu & Constant Kapongo

HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa

Nomonde Bengu, Gabriela Cromhout, Kenneth Sprenger, Noxolo Mchunu, Thumbi Ndung’u & Philip Goulder

Department of Paediatrics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa

Gabriela Cromhout & Moherndran Archary

Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

Emily Adland, Nicholas Herbert, Nicholas Lim, Vinicius Vieira & Philip Goulder

Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa

Katya Govender, Kavidha Reddy, Thumbi Ndung’u & Philip Goulder

Harry Gwala Regional Hospital, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa

Rowena Fillis, Roopesh Bhoola & Malini Krishna

General Justice Gizenga Mpanza Regional Hospital, Stanger, South Africa

Samantha Kannie & Jeroen van Lobenstein

Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Hospital, Durban, South Africa

Kogielambal Chinniah

Clinical Immunology and Vaccinology Unit, IRCCS, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy

Giuseppe Rubens Pascucci, Nicola Cotugno, Paolo Palma & Paolo Rossi

Probiomics S.r.l., Rome, Italy

Giuseppe Rubens Pascucci

University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy

Nicola Cotugno, Paolo Palma & Paolo Rossi

Fundación de Investigación Biomédica Hospital 12 de Octubre, Instituto de Investigación 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain

Alfredo Tagarro & Pablo Rojo

Department of Pediatrics, Infanta Sofia University Hospital and Henares University Hospital Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation, Madrid, Spain

Alfredo Tagarro

Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain

Alfredo Tagarro

LMU University Hospital, Munich, Germany

Julia Roider

IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain

Maria C. Garcia-Guerrero, Maria C. Puertas & Javier Martinez-Picado

University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA

Christina Ochsenbauer & John C. Kappes

TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany

Andreas Groll

University of Padova, Padua, Italy

Carlo Giaquinto

Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Boston, MA, USA

Seohyun Hong, Krista Dong, Thumbi Ndung’u, Mathias Lichterfeld & Philip Goulder

Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

M. Azim Ansari

Consorcio Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain

Maria C. Puertas & Javier Martinez-Picado

Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK

Thumbi Ndung’u

University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA

Edmund Capparelli

Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain

Javier Martinez-Picado

Infectious Diseases and Immunity Department, University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia, Vic, Spain

Javier Martinez-Picado

Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Research Service, Birmingham, AL, USA

John C. Kappes