A.J.S. has served as a consultant to 89Bio, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Genentech, Gilead, Eli Lilly, Histoindex, Janssen, Lipocine, Madrigal, Merck, Glaxo-Smith Kline, Novartis, Akero, Novo Nordisk, Path AI, Histoindex, Pfizer, Poxel, Salix, Myovant, Sequana, Surrozen, Takeda, Terns and Zydus; his institution has received grant support from AstraZeneca, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Gilead, Intercept, Mallinckrodt, Merck, Ocelot and Salix; he receives royalties from Elsevier and UpToDate and has stock options in Durect, Genfit, Tiziana and Inversago. S.S. and C.J.P. declare no competing interests.