Sudo, K. et al. Quantifying forms and functions of enterohepatic bile acid pools in mice. Cell. Mol. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 18, 101392 (2024).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Alnouti, Y. Bile acid sulfation: a pathway of bile acid elimination and detoxification. Toxicol. Sci. 108, 225–246 (2009).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nie, Q. et al. Gut symbionts alleviate MASH through a secondary bile acid biosynthetic pathway. Cell 187, 2717–2734.e33 (2024).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Takei, H. et al. Characterization of long-chain fatty acid-linked bile acids: a major conjugation form of 3β-hydroxy bile acids in feces. J. Lipid Res. 63, 100275 (2022).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Quinn, R. A. et al. Global chemical effects of the microbiome include new bile-acid conjugations. Nature 579, 123–129 (2020).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mohanty, I. et al. The underappreciated diversity of bile acid modifications. Cell 187, 1801–1818.e20 (2024).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Guzior, D. V. et al. Bile salt hydrolase acyltransferase activity expands bile acid diversity. Nature 626, 852–858 (2024).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rimal, B. et al. Bile salt hydrolase catalyses formation of amine-conjugated bile acids. Nature 626, 859–863 (2024).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mohanty, I. et al. The changing metabolic landscape of bile acids – keys to metabolism and immune regulation. Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 21, 493–516 (2024).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lee, M. H. et al. How bile acids and the microbiota interact to shape host immunity. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 24, 798–809 (2024).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chiang, J. Y. L. & Ferrell, J. M. Discovery of farnesoid X receptor and its role in bile acid metabolism. Mol. Cell Endocrinol. 548, 111618 (2022).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Perino, A., Demagny, H., Velazquez-Villegas, L. & Schoonjans, K. Molecular physiology of bile acid signaling in health, disease, and aging. Physiol. Rev. 101, 683–731 (2021).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wang, Y. et al. CYP8B1 catalyzes 12alpha-hydroxylation of C27 bile acid: in vitro conversion of dihydroxycoprostanic acid into trihydroxycoprostanic acid. Drug. Metab. Dispos. 52, 1234–1243 (2024).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bennion, L. J. & Grundy, S. M. Effects of diabetes mellitus on cholesterol metabolism in man. N. Engl. J. Med. 296, 1365–1371 (1977).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Galman, C., Arvidsson, I., Angelin, B. & Rudling, M. Monitoring hepatic cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase activity by assay of the stable bile acid intermediate 7α-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one in peripheral blood. J. Lipid Res. 44, 859–866 (2003).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Steiner, C. et al. Bile acid metabolites in serum: intraindividual variation and associations with coronary heart disease, metabolic syndrome and diabetes mellitus. PLoS ONE 6, e25006 (2011).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Haeusler, R. A. et al. Increased bile acid synthesis and impaired bile acid transport in human obesity. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 101, 1935–1944 (2016).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chávez-Talavera, O., Tailleux, A., Lefebvre, P. & Staels, B. Bile acid control of metabolism and inflammation in obesity, type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Gastroenterology 152, 1679–1694 (2017).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Li, T., Chanda, D., Zhang, Y., Choi, H.-S. & Chiang, J. Y. L. Glucose stimulates cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase gene transcription in human hepatocytes. J. Lipid Res. 51, 832–842 (2010).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Li, T. et al. Glucose and insulin induction of bile acid synthesis: mechanisms and implication in diabetes and obesity. J. Biol. Chem. 287, 1861–1873 (2012).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Higgins, V. et al. Postprandial dyslipidemia, hyperinsulinemia, and impaired gut peptides/bile acids in adolescents with obesity. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 105, 1228–1241 (2020).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Brufau, G. et al. Improved glycemic control with colesevelam treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes is not directly associated with changes in bile acid metabolism. Hepatology 52, 1455–1464 (2010).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ferrannini, E. et al. Increased bile acid synthesis and deconjugation after biliopancreatic diversion. Diabetes 64, 3377–3385 (2015).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Haeusler, R. A., Pratt-Hyatt, M., Welch, C. L., Klaassen, C. D. & Accili, D. Impaired generation of 12-hydroxylated bile acids links hepatic insulin signaling with dyslipidemia. Cell Metab. 15, 65–74 (2012).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Semova, I. et al. Insulin prevents hypercholesterolemia by suppressing 12α-hydroxylated bile acid production. Circulation 145, 969–982 (2022).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hoogerland, J. A. et al. Glucose-6-phosphate regulates hepatic bile acid synthesis in mice. Hepatology 70, 2171–2184 (2019).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Biddinger, S. B. et al. Hepatic insulin resistance directly promotes formation of cholesterol gallstones. Nat. Med. 14, 778–782 (2008).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kakiyama, G. et al. Insulin resistance dysregulates CYP7B1 leading to oxysterol accumulation: a pathway for NAFL to NASH transition. J. Lipid Res. 61, 1629–1644 (2020).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Axelson, M. & Sjövall, J. Potential bile acid precursors in plasma – possible indicators of biosynthetic pathways to cholic and chenodeoxycholic acids in man. J. Steroid Biochem. 36, 631–640 (1990).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Haeusler, R. A., Astiarraga, B., Camastra, S., Accili, D. & Ferrannini, E. Human insulin resistance is associated with increased plasma levels of 12α-hydroxylated bile acids. Diabetes 62, 4184–4191 (2013).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Choucair, I. et al. Quantification of bile acids: a mass spectrometry platform for studying gut microbe connection to metabolic diseases. J. Lipid Res. 61, 159–177 (2019).