High-Level Expert Group on Artificial Intelligence A definition of AI: Main capabilities and scientific disciplines - European Commission - Publication 18 December 2018. https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/library/definition-artificial-intelligence-main-capabilities-and-scientific-disciplines

Alshuhri MS et al (2024) Artificial intelligence in cancer diagnosis: opportunities and challenges. Pathol - Res Pract 253:154996. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prp.2023.154996

Article  Google Scholar 

Chen Z, Lin L, Wu C, Li C, Xu R, Sun Y (2021) Artificial intelligence for assisting cancer diagnosis and treatment in the era of precision medicine. Cancer Commun 41(11):1100–1115. https://doi.org/10.1002/cac2.12215

Article  Google Scholar 

Li G, Wu X, Ma X (2022) Artificial intelligence in radiotherapy. Semin Cancer Biol 86:160–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semcancer.2022.08.005

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Francolini G et al (2020) Artificial Intelligence in radiotherapy: state of the art and future directions. Med Oncol 37(6):50. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12032-020-01374-w

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bera K, Braman N, Gupta A, Velcheti V, Madabhushi A (2022) Predicting cancer outcomes with radiomics and artificial intelligence in radiology. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 19(2):132–146. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41571-021-00560-7

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Adamopoulou E and Moussiades L (2020) An overview of chatbot technology. In: Maglogiannis I, Iliadis L and Pimenidis E (Eds), Artificial intelligence applications and innovations, vol. 584, in IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology, vol 584, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp 373–383. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49186-4_31

Zukotynski K et al (2021) Machine learning in nuclear medicine: part 2—neural networks and clinical aspects. J Nucl Med 62(1):22–29. https://doi.org/10.2967/jnumed.119.231837

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Radford A, Wu J, Child R, Luan D, Amodei D, Sutskever I (2019) Language models are unsupervised multitask learners. Open AI Blog 1(8):9

Google Scholar 

Fatani B (2023) ChatGPT for future medical and dental research. Cureus. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.37285

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Biswas S (2023) ChatGPT and the future of medical writing. Radiology 307(2):e223312. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.223312

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fear K, Gleber C (2023) Shaping the future of older adult care: ChatGPT, advanced AI, and the transformation of clinical practice. JMIR Aging 6:e51776. https://doi.org/10.2196/51776

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Deng J, Lin Y (2023) The benefits and challenges of ChatGPT: an overview. Front Comput Intell Syst 2(2):81–83. https://doi.org/10.54097/fcis.v2i2.4465

Article  Google Scholar 

Dave T, Athaluri SA, Singh S (2023) ChatGPT in medicine: an overview of its applications, advantages, limitations, future prospects, and ethical considerations. Front Artif Intell 6:1169595. https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2023.1169595

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ebrahimi B, Howard A, Carlson DJ, Al-Hallaq H (2023) ChatGPT: Can a natural language processing tool be trusted for radiation oncology use? Int J Radiat Oncol 116(5):977–983. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrobp.2023.03.075

Article  Google Scholar 

Alkaissi H, McFarlane SI (2023) Artificial hallucinations in ChatGPT: implications in scientific writing. Cureus. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.35179

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Guerreiro NM et al (2023) Hallucinations in large multilingual translation models. Trans Assoc Comput Linguist 11:1500. https://doi.org/10.48550/ARXIV.2303.16104

Article  Google Scholar 

Guckenberger M et al (2023) Potential of ChatGPT in facilitating research in radiation oncology? Radiother Oncol 188:109894. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radonc.2023.109894

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

No author listed. ChatGPT is a black box: how AI research can break it open, Nature, vol 619, no 7971, pp 671–672, Jul. 2023, https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-023-02366-2

Ueda D et al (2024) Fairness of artificial intelligence in healthcare: review and recommendations. Jpn J Radiol 42(1):3–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11604-023-01474-3

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Goto A, Katanoda K (2023) Should we acknowledge ChatGPT as an author? J Epidemiol 33(7):333–334. https://doi.org/10.2188/jea.JE20230078

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Stokel-Walker C (2023) ChatGPT listed as author on research papers: many scientists disapprove. Nature 613(7945):620–621. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-023-00107-z

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Al-Moghrabi D, Abu Arqub S, Maroulakos MP, Pandis N, Fleming PS (2024) Can ChatGPT identify predatory biomedical and dental journals? A cross-sectional content analysis. J Dent 142:104840. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdent.2024.104840

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Isaksson LJ et al (2023) Automatic segmentation with deep learning in radiotherapy. Cancers 15(17):4389. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers15174389

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mondal H, Mondal S (2023) ChatGPT in academic writing: maximizing its benefits and minimizing the risks. Indian J Ophthalmol 71(12):3600–3606. https://doi.org/10.4103/IJO.IJO_718_23

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kolla L, Parikh RB (2024) Uses and limitations of artificial intelligence for oncology. Cancer 130(12):2101–2107. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.35307

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cabral BP, Braga LAM, Syed-Abdul S, Mota FB (2023) Future of artificial intelligence applications in cancer care: a global cross-sectional survey of researchers. Curr Oncol 30(3):3432–3446. https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol30030260.PMID:36975473;PMCID:PMC10047823

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hosseini M, Gao CA, Liebovitz DM, Carvalho AM, Ahmad FS, Luo Y, MacDonald N, Holmes KL, Kho A (2023) An exploratory survey about using ChatGPT in education, healthcare, and research. PLoS One 18(10):e0292216. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0292216.PMID:37796786;PMCID:PMC10553335

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Floyd W et al (2023) Current strengths and weaknesses of ChatGPT as a resource for radiation oncology patients and providers. Int J Radiat Oncol. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrobp.2023.10.020

Article  Google Scholar 

Yalamanchili A et al (2024) Quality of large language model responses to radiation oncology patient care questions. JAMA Netw Open 7(4):e244630. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.4630

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Pan A, Musheyev D, Bockelman D, Loeb S, Kabarriti AE (2023) Assessment of artificial intelligence chatbot responses to top searched queries about cancer. JAMA Oncol 9(10):1437. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaoncol.2023.2947

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Schnitzler L et al (2017) Communication during radiation therapy education sessions: The role of medical jargon and emotional support in clarifying patient confusion. Patient Educ Couns 100(1):112–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2016.08.006

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tangadulrat P, Sono S, Tangtrakulwanich B (2023) Using ChatGPT for clinical practice and medical education: cross-sectional survey of medical students’ and Physicians’ perceptions. JMIR Med Educ 9:e50658. https://doi.org/10.2196/50658

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hu J-M, Liu F-C, Chu C-M, Chang Y-T (2023) Health care trainees’ and professionals’ perceptions of ChatGPT in improving medical knowledge training: rapid survey study. J Med Internet Res 25:e49385. https://doi.org/10.2196/49385

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central